Wiglaf Essays - Wiglaf, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Poetry, Literature

Wiglaf Annonymous Poetry is something that used to give me nightmares. In high school, if I knew that a poetry assignment was going to be given, I would stay home sick. I've since learned that while work is involved, discovering the authors intended meaning is fun and actually gets easier the more I practice it. When given the task to interpret Spring and Fall by Gerard Manly Hopkins, I at first was worried about the length of the poem; however, after I began to read the poem, I was able to get a picture of what was being said. In this essay, I will analyze why Margaret is grieving. The poem leads into a young girl who is saddened by the winter's approach and the symbolic death of the forest. She doesn't know it consciously, but in her heart she knows that all things will end and the coming of winter foreshadows her own mortality. She is told that as she ages, it won't bother her even though she may see an infinity of leaves as said in line six It will come to such sights colder. But line ten is contradictory in saying And you will weep and know why. Which I must take to mean that as Margaret nears her end, she will be saddened by everything that has been, and ever will be lost to time. Eventually she is told that people are born to die, and as if she has eaten from the tree of knowledge, she is aware and saddened for her innocence lost. In Spring and Fall, Hopkins explains to a child that we all age and die. That Margaret, like all of us, must deal with this fact and not let the knowledge of it hold her back from life. This is a message that almost everyone needs to hear sometime in their lives. Steve Nix 2-9-98

Baudelaires Hymn to Beauty vs. Rimbauds Drunken Boat

Baudelaires Hymn to Beauty vs. Rimbauds Drunken Boat Reading the poem entitled Hymn to Beauty by Baudelaire, I picked up on some familiar characteristics that I myself find in some of my random writings I do in my spare time. I often think of a simple subject to focus my thoughts on; sometimes these subjects being complex but often I find at the end of my writings, they have begun with no specific subject, but something brings it all together in the end and many times, they can be boiled down to one specific word or idead. Baudelaire chose to write about beauty.Now, when I read this poem, I didn't move on to read the next one because I think that poetry needs to be analyzed deeply without outside distraction. In this case, I figured that reading on to the next poem would pollute my mind with the ideas and emotions that the writer (Arthur Rimbaud) conveyed through his poem.Polski: Autograf Arthura RimbaudaBy reading through both poems from the initial standpoint, I think that myself, as well and anybody else would, in a sense, combine t he emotions and the meanings behind the writings. To me, any poetry or song lyric needs to be read and studied alone in order to find out what the emotional state the writer was in and the overlying message the writer was attempting to portray. Maybe I am wrong by doing this for this class assignment but I am sure that my approach would be accepted by the writers of both of these literary works.Hymn to Beauty: Obviously, this piece is about Beauty. But why does this writer want to speak of beauty? He questions beauty and I like it. To me personally, I believe beauty is a learned thing. It differentiates between personalities. What is one man's junk is another...

Social worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social worker - Essay Example dividual’s upbringing, especially parental influence and their family values, the prevailing religious philosophy, friends and colleagues, education and experiences among others (Great Britain Parliament: House of Commons, 2011). Effective people acknowledge these environmental impacts and develop a precise and important set of principles and priorities. Once personal values are well defined, Bainham (2005) said they will have significant influences on every activity in human life. Human beings are known to demonstrate and tailor values in the practical side of one’s person, organizational culture, decision making processes, their input, and communication within neighbours. As Alsop (2013) suggested, values help individuals to arrive at proper decisions on the most important issues in one’s everyday business and domestic life. In light of the overarching role of personal values, human goals and life activities or experiences are based on the personal values. According to Martin and Rogers (2004) it is important to select the values that an individual prefers the most, the values one believes in and those that influence the character of the person in question. Practicing those values in every activity helps to reinforce personality. Living one’s values is perhaps the most influential tool which can be used to build the kind of person one aspires to be as it helps people to realize the best goals and thoughts (Probert, 2009). Costa-Font and Greer (2012) noted that unlike personal values referring to the morals which an individual recognizes and aligns himself or herself to in respect to parties and situations within a social setting in everyday life, Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) values entail the morals that an individual must conform to during one’s interactions in a formal work life. British Association of Social Workers (BASW) ethics also come in handy during business interactions at the workplace (BASW, 2014; Bridge, & Street, 2001).

Climate change and food security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Climate change and food security - Assignment Example . Wheat bread, peanut butter, fruit juice, and raisin beverage made up my breakfast I feared consumption of chemical components from the foods processing processes and threats of genetic engineering that I believe can interfere with my genome. Even though my snack for the day was orange fruit, there was still the fear of possible genetic engineering in the fruits’ development. Wheat bread, chicken stew, potatoes, milk, and green grams were the other consumptions of day one and even though I perceived no alternative for safe consumption, I feared the foods’ safety levels. Calorie level in the consumption was another concern and I decided to research on calorie characteristics of my food components for minimization. Consumptions in the second also consisted, predominantly, of natural foods with uncontrollable food safety concerns. Oatmeal, raisins, beef, rice, milk, and fruits were the major components with threats of genetic engineering and, though limited, the amount of chemicals that could have been applied in their processing and temporary preservation. I however ensured reduced levels of calories intake through restricting volumes of consumption per food type. Bran flakes, potatoes soup, beef, and rice formed the major component of my third day food intake with other natural foods like milk and fruits. While these retained my fears of direct chemical contamination together with adverse effects of biological engineering on the foods’ sources, processed foods were also identifiable to increase my worries on the day’s intake.... irect chemical contamination together with adverse effects of biological engineering on the foods’ sources, processed foods were also identifiable to increase my worries on the day’s intake. Jelly, margarine, and sugar-enriched lemonade are the major examples of processed components of the day’s consumption. Consumptions in day four was more conscious of processed food and observed calories levels through nutrient information and quantity of each of the consumed food type. The day’s consumption was a revised diet set from day one’s consumption for better safety level and I believe the reduced calories level consumption achieved this. Intakes in the remaining three days alternated between the major components of the types of foods in the first four days and my general opinion on my food choices is that however much we try to select safe food products; our choices are limited by available products and developed preferences. Food safety therefore remai ns a major concern and political forces, instead of individual power through money, should ensure safety. This is because such money power at consumer level is decentralized and ineffective. Reflection Food safety consciousness, especially after watching the Food Inc film, motivated me to research on sources of available food products and observed safety standards by different food processors. Available information from internet sources has for example informed of the different sources of my food, geographical locations of sources of natural supplies, and manufacturers of processed supplies. I am also aware of distribution channels of major foods among my consumables and possible activities at each level of the channels. Similarly, I am also informed of regulatory strategies and regulatory agencies over the food

Bank Competition and Financial Stability Research Paper

Bank Competition and Financial Stability - Research Paper Example Cross-border mergers and entry of foreign banks into the developing countries have been consistent. Consolidation leads to efficiency and scale economy arguments, but accompanying it rises debates regarding the stability (Cooper, 2008). Economic Theory comes up with ambiguous results about the structure of the market and the competitiveness and stability of the banking sector. Empirical findings also provide similar ambiguous results (Beck, 2008, pp 1). There are basically two thoughts relevant in identifying the relation between financial stability and bank competition. One, the completion fragility view infers that any competition within the market will result in lowering of the profits for the firms since competition decreases market power. Two, the competition-stability view infers that as the banks become more powerful in the loan market, they keep taking higher risks (Allen & Gale, 2004). This paper will therefore offer a critical insight into understanding the key variables of the relationship between financial stability and bank competition. Stability and Competition Detragiache defines banking distress as when nonperforming assets reach a significantly large percent of total assets, emergency measures are taken to assist the banking system and large-scale bank nationalizations take place. Honohan and Laeven tell how the financial crisis have spread all over the globe where both big and small countries have been hit. Failures of large international banks, which have branches in the small countries, have affected the developing economies as well. Bank stability has been measured in terms of levels or closeness to bankruptcy. Researchers usually use the Z-score which is measured by the sum of capital asset ratio and the return on assets weighted by the standard deviation of return of assets (Beck, 2008, pp 4). Another measure has been the non-performing loan ratio as an indicator of fragility. Both exclude actual bank failures. Bank competition measures i nclude market structure measures such as Herfindahl indices and concentration ratios which are crude measures. Next, there is H-statistic which measures the reaction of input to output prices. Lastly, Regulatory framework indicators such as entry requirements, barriers and other restrictions allow indications competition (Beck, 2008, Pp 6, 7). Theoretical predictions Theoretical models have reported contrasting predictions on the bank stability and concentration. Most theoretical models avoid making distinctions between concentration and competition and resort to one to one mapping from market structure to competitive behavior of the banks. Under this we have two hypotheses. Competition-Fragility Hypothesis: Certain models infer that less competitive banking structures are more stable and fragility is prevented by the buffer generated by the profits. It also creates opportunities for additional risk undertaking (Beck, 2008, pp 7-8). In a competitive scenario with profits getting squ eezed, banks take to more risk undertaking resulting in greater fragility. On the other hand, under limited competition banks have greater profit opportunities and do not resort to additional risks (Allen and Gale 2000, 2004). Another scenario where competition can impact stability in the interbank market and payment system. Perfect competition prevents banks from providing liquidity to banks hit by temporary shortages.

The French Ban Of The Hijab

The French Ban Of The Hijab The wearing of the hijab or otherwise known as the Islamic headscarf has been a focal point in many discussions and a highly debatable subject in France. Ever since the France banned the wearing of Islamic scarves in 2004, there has been a spectrum of issues that arise particularly in three related areas: religion, self-identity of a Muslim veiled woman, and the national identity of France. What does the tern hijab denote? What is the national identity of France and how does it view the hijab? What constitutes to the headscarf ban? In this essay, I aim to discuss the implications of the clash between Frances national identity and the constructed identity of wearing the headscarf for French Muslim women. Secondly, I discuss about the repercussion of the headscarf ban such as discrimination faced by the female Muslim students at schools. For the study of this paper, I focus only on the Islamic headscarf ban though other religion symbols are banned in France such as the Jewish skullcaps and Christian crosses. The literature review foregrounds the above mentioned three questions. Background Literature Review A confusing array of positions has been taken about the relationship between wearing the hijab and Islam over the recent years. (Winter, 2008) For some, it marks the religious symbol of Islam and inevitably becomes an inalienable part of a womans identity. Religious scholars have asserted that Islamic law requires women to wear the hijab, a headscarf covering their ears, hair and neck.(Wiles, 2007) Relating to this view, Muslim women thus believe that wearing the hijab is an obligation under the commandment of the Quran. Originally, the term hijab meant curtain or separation which denoted to hide from view. Donning the headscarf, indicates that underneath it is a woman and without it, Sheikh Al-Hilali as cited in (Winter, 2008) is uncovered meat to eyes of the men who become cats, and thus cannot be blamed for harassment signifying womans weakness. (H.Sinno, 2009) states that wearing the hijab may serve as a womans emancipation and empowerment. On the contrary, French liberal perfe ctionists view the donning of hijab as a marker of female and religious oppression affecting a womans autonomy (Laborde, 2006) that contradicts with the principle of secularism. Secularism is forms part of the national identity of France, a country that disliked the force of the Catholic Church after centuries of religious battle. The roots of secularism can be recalled back into early liberalism and its succinct focus on universality, rationality and individual autonomy (Asad 2003; Yavuz and Esposito 2003) as cited in (GÃ ¶kariksel Mitchell, 2005). Fundamentally denoting, it aims to separate state and religion meaning being neutral in religion so that a democratic republic is formed. Therefore, in the eyes of secularism, religious conspicuous symbols cast religious differences onto individuals that are supposed to be rational and equal. (GÃ ¶kariksel Mitchell, 2005)As such, the wearing of hijab is perceived to indicate a non-secular expression which gradually initiated the ban. The French law imposed a ban for prohibiting all overt religious symbols which took effect on March 2004. (Kiersh) The law is a modification to part of the French Code of Education that constitutes the principle of secularity. As mentioned, France is a self-declared secular state and the manners which public schools are run are directly influenced by that notion. The controversy of the headscarf ban started with a decision undertaken by a high school headmaster in Creil who expelled three female Muslim students wearing the hijab on 18th September, 1989. Within a week, his decision was overturned. The Education Minister, Lionel Jospin , sought legal opinion and the Council stated that the right to don the headscarf was in accordance to the principle of secularism and was legally essential of French citizens fundamental doctrine rights to exercise the freedom of expression and religion. Furthermore, it can be reviewed that the wearing of such a religious symbol should not be conspicuou s in a way that leads to disrupt order in schools. Later, the Council issued a circulation advising that ostentatious elements should not be worn in schools. (Wiles, 2007) A series of tensions and irregularities stirred up such as ethnic-related violence which the government blamed on the presence of religious symbols. According to (Wiles, 2007), in July 2003, President Chirac recommended the passing of the law that bans religious symbols in state schools and reasoned that the main purpose was to affirm independence and openness to cultural diversity, arguing that the wearing of headscarf does not fit in this vision. Discussion In retrospect with the lectures and readings, it can be examined that there is misrecognition of the French Muslim women with the French law of prohibiting the wearing of religious headscarves. As (Tatum, 1997) highlights, there is a mythical norm that exists in the minority group which says, that is not me and in this case, if a Muslim woman who believes that her religion requires her to don the hijab, is forced not to wear it to abide the French law of secularism, then, that is not her. Furthermore, by prohibiting her from doing so strongly infringes on her right to that freedom of religion and conscience according to the view of (Wiles, 2007). France as mentioned is a multicultural society, but as (Blum) highlights, multiculturalism is a tolerance for and recognition of the right of other groups to pursue their own cultural identities, but which is being diluted in the effect of the ban. The ban does not have respect for and the interest in the cultural heritage of the Muslims, an d thus France cannot be said to be a multicultural society, for there is racial discrimination that surfaces from the ban. Chirac stated, Secularity is one of the republics great achievements. It plays a crucial role in social harmony and national cohesion. We must not allow it to be weakened (Fontanaud, 2003, Chirac urges Muslim headscarf ban, para. 13) As mentioned in the quote, the terms social harmony and national cohesion are indeed questionable as there have been social unrests due to the protests by the Muslims to urge Chirac not to propose the law to enforce the prohibition. Representing the subordinate group, they feel victimised and refuse to be obliged to succumb to such a ban by the dominant group because they lose their religious identity; their dignity and honour. (Taylor, 1994) A law on religious symbols in the school environment could stigmatise a whole community, said Dalil Boubakeur, president of the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM). (Fontanaud, 2003, Chirac urges Muslim headscarf ban, para. 17) I agree with Dalils opinion, as the stigmatisation as mentioned could result in an inherent reduction in the identity of the religion in the discourse of the French community and the protests may reflect the Muslims reaction to re-acclaim their identity, dignity and self-respect. (Tatum, 1997) According to (Fontanaud, 2003), Chirac rejected the commissions proposal to mark the holy days of minority faiths, reiterating that French pupils had many official days off. One of the minority faiths include Islam and by doing so, demonstrates blindness to their religion and its unacceptance. (Taylor, 1994) Looking back at the notion of secularism, one may question in what way does it embrace a democratic society when it visibly demarcates the subordinate groups in terms of religious practices, despite claiming to promote cultural diversity and social harmony. In other words, it can be said that in France, do what the French do just like the saying goes in Rome, do what the Romans do to have Frenchness1 or to be called a French citizen, one must not wear the headscarf, if not, you are the other as (Tatum, 1997) puts it. In schools, French Muslims are placed at a fix amidst this identity struggle between faith and citizenship, and some are expected to compromise in wearing a bandana. (BBC, Muslim girl shaves head over ban , 2004) Touria adds: Its part of who I am. Its not just some bit of fabric on my head. Its everything. People say that its the women who wear the veil that are submissive but I think it is those women who are submissive, because it is what men want, women half naked. (BBC, 2004, French scarf ban comes into force, para.3) Tourias statement clearly contradicts Sheikh Al-Hilalis statement as cited in (Winter, 2008) that had been mentioned earlier in my introduction, where it is purely up to the individuals belief to don the headscarf, whom in this case, regard it as representing who she is (Tatum, 1997) and its possessed worth is much more than its material or function, neither does it represent a sign of weakness to the male gender. At the same time, Touria highly attunes by wearing a bandana because she refrains from drawing attention to herself or her religion, if so, may face racial discrimination in school and be excluded as a member in that discourse community. (BBC, French scarf ban comes into force , 2004). In some schools, the rule is so strict that, even a bandana is not permitted. Cennet Doganey asserts that she respects the French law and the Muslim law and shaves her head completely. The cause that led to this was due to the fact that she was refused to enter the class despite wearing a bandana and states, I respect the law but it did not respect me. (BBC, Muslim girl shaves head over ban, 2004) To her, the French law discriminates in the form of tangible representatives such as the headmasters by restricting her freedom to exercise the rights of her religion due to the headscarf ban in public schools. Some girls are even being sent home which is justified as being required to abide by the French law, that being one dimension but another which presents itself as a pillar of discrimination. Their education gets affected and they need to make a choice to go against their religious beliefs to be an inclusive French citizen. (Hashmi, 2000) If having awareness to cultural identity is th e objective of secularism in a multicultural community, then there should be cultural pluralism that involves the different racial groups to have tolerance and acceptance for and recognition of the rights of one another to pursue their own cultural exploration. As (Taylor, 1994) mentions as cited in (Blum), liberal values needs to present in the notion of multiculturalism, which contradicts the principle of secularism and the headscarf ban. Neither is there equality in dignity nor respect for that religious practice. It seems to however connote the wearing of the hijab as a threatening weapon to secularism. (Blum) reaffirms that a persons cultural identity has a distinctive set of history and practices which is central to ones overall individual identity. Hence, by being true to the constituents of the ban in accordance to the French law, the French Muslim is being separated of her own identity and becomes a misrecognised marginalised individualist whose dignity is not respected by the law. (Robert J.Pauly, 2004). Supporting this view, Taylors notion of recognition as cited in (Blum) is defined as to recognise cultural differences which creates the identities of the Muslim individuals, and by doing so means to respect their dignity, if not, it dishonours them. There are limitations to the scope of my discussion due to adhering of the word limit otherwise, the concept of integration, assimiliation and melting pot not only in France, but other parts of Europe would have been further explored as the headscarf ban arises in Turkey as well as Germany. Conclusion It appears that despite efforts undertaken by the French government to separate state and religion, it is clear that different individuals have different realities. The reality of the headscarf ban in the eyes of French Muslims causes discrimination and a separation from ones identity. The reality of secularism has good intentions in having individuals to be liberated from assumed oppressive religions but demonstrates otherwise where it stigmatises cultural identities, portraying them to have less worth in the society. Multiculturalism needs to be deeply examined in the French context due to the consequences mentioned that arise from the headscarf ban. Indeed, the headscarf ban itself needs to lend itself to be further investigated on whether it is a necessity or intolerance.

Okalahoma critical analysis Essay -- Drama

Okalahoma critical analysis The original production of Oklahoma opened at the St. James Theatre, New York, on Wednesday March 31, 1943. The top ticket price was $4.80. It ran on Broadway for over five years, besting the previous record holder Hellzapoppin by more than two years. For fifteen years, from 1946 until 1961, Oklahoma held the record as the longest running show in Broadway history. When Okalahoma closed on Broadway May 29, 1948 after 2,212 performances, more than four and a half million people had seen it there. In our expressive arts lesson we watched a section of Okalahoma. As our topic is dreams and nightmares, we watched the section where Laurey has her dream. In a swirl of dream images, Laurey sees herself marrying Curly when Jud invades the wedding; he carries her off, thwarts Curly's attempts to rescue her, and, after a horrific struggle, kills Curly. Laurey awakes from her nightmare with a start...and finds Jud ready to escort her to the Dance. In the beginning of this section we can see Laurey falling to sleep. Then the lights suddenly dim, this shows the audience that we have travelled from reality to her dream. The lighting plays an important part in this musical, as it communicates to the audience Laurey’s mood and feelings. When Laurey is dreaming the light dims to a blue. Then hands appear from the cornfields; they are being lighted up with gold spotlights. She then follows them to a large stage, which is filled up with blur light. In her dream they lighting is calm and cool, and the mood is happy but when it changes into a nightmare the lights suddenly switch red, and makes the atmosphere alarming and unsettling. A spot light is also used on Curley when he enters to dance with Laurey. This can symbolise that he is the one for her, and that he stands out from everyone else. By using a white spotlight shows the audience that he is pure and good. But the spotlights also build a feeling of confusion and distress. This is in her nightmare where the lighting is red and the white spotlights are darting around the stage. This shows the audience Laurey’s feelings towards her nightmare. Music is crucial in her dream as there is no speaking involved, so they music is the only thing that can be heard. In her dream they are playing the song â€Å"oh, what a beautiful morning†. This is played in maj... ...girls they dance in unison, to show they are together and under control. They use lots of turns, and leaps. They also use a lot of ballet movements. This shows the audience a calm, flowing and graceful dream. In the dance with the showgirls, they are all dancing separately with separate movements. They use lots of flexible movements, and balances. This can show the audience that they are separated and unorganised. When she dances the waltz with curly they use lots of lifts, turns and graceful movements, on the other hand when dancing with Judd she is being thrown around and manipulated like a rag doll. This also shows another contrast, which may relate to the contrasts in dreams and nightmares. The musical communicated to the audience her feeling and emotions through other means than verbal communication. They show it mainly through lighting, movement, and music. It relates to dreams and nightmares as is seems rather peculiar. The music seems out of tune and distraught. And strange things and people appear throughout to make the dream seem realistic. This critical analysis will help me to relate to dreams and nightmares throughout my performance without talking.

The Steps to Be Taken Towards a Green Future

My Grandfather says, â€Å"Looking out the window is not what it used to be†. I was not a 100% sure what he meant, so I asked him. He was talking about the whole concept of â€Å"Going Green†, the fact that there is a limited amount of the earths’ oil left and that landfills are emitting tons of greenhouse gasses into our atmosphere. No one knew about clean alternatives to petroleum such as palm oil and Biodiesel, which is produced from waste cooking oils instead of using gas or diesel or that just having a compost garden in your backyard could reduce the world’s garbage even just a fraction which is helping. This paper will go over ways to lower the consumption and usage of fossil fuels. Also, discuss ways of; lowering pollution rates, eliminating nuclear power and introducing clean energy alternatives to gas and electricity. Solar Energy and Windmills are a big part in the clean energy movement that people are starting to fight for and my Grandfather’s generation has no knowledge about. In the words of Xavier Rudd â€Å"Thank you for your message but I don’t understand, no I won’t understand. † People like my Grandfather never knew about what pollution could actually do to the environment. Wind energy is a step that is being taken throughout Europe (Krueger pg1). Many countries have started to switch their electrical consumption to clean energy and not the modern way of producing electricity, with magnets or nuclear, which use gasoline to power the engines. All the world needs is the wind and sun to provide enough electricity to power the people who inhabit it. Today’s power plants run on fossil fuels and that pollutes the environment, which waste valuable resources. Either in a steam or gas turbine power plant they all rely on coal, petroleum or biomass to power at least one thing in the plant. But, in a wind, geothermal, or hydroelectric powered power plant the turbine is turned by the wind, water or steam produced from the earth to produce the electricity. Even though nuclear power plants don’t burn fossil fuels to create the electricity they are still polluting the earth and are a danger to mankind. Just recently, Japan was hit by a tsunami and a nuclear powered plant was hit. Nuclear reactor after nuclear reactor broke and started to become a problem for the environment and threaten the lives of not only the Japanese citizens, but of the world. With clean energy the electricity can be created by home owners, farmers and the government. Everyone can get into the electrical game and even get paid for the electricity that they do not use and it can go to power someone else’s home (Krueger 2). Pollution has gone on for a long time and started basically at the beginning of the industrial revolution and it’s time for it to be put to rest. With the industrial revolution came automobiles, which are the biggest part of the pollution problem. Another part of the problem is the amount of paper that is used. The paper industry is why marijuana is illegal, it is because the hemp from marijuana could be used for paper, rope, clothing, ect†¦ that they made the government make it illegal. People don’t realize how much paper is wasted in toilet paper, paper towels, tissue paper, books, magazines, newspapers, and office paper. All of those things are made from trees and no one even thinks about the trees. They have been here on this earth longer than use and we are cutting them down, just to make paper it seems. If the amount of paper used stays at this rate then we are going to be all out of trees and plants to but down to make paper without effecting our oxygen levels. The companies weren’t even planting the trees back until recently when some started to plant new trees to start to try to create a sustainable paper supply for the future. Garbage is another main pollutant that is ruining our earth. In the garbage there is too much recyclable and compost able goods that should be in recycling factories or compost piles. Also, there is plastic, which was another invention from the industrial revolution (Calandri 235). Plastic is a non-biodegradable compound which means that it cannot decompose with natural processes. Plastic is overflowing the landfills of the world and something has to be done. People have to start recycling their plastic in-order to protect the planet. We also must lower the amount of waste that we put into our landfills, both homes and restaurants must do this (McCaffree 205). People have to start conmposting and conserving water to save the world. Another way that companies are going green is that they are using algae to filter the on the CO2 from the power plants’ exhaust gases to make the power plants’ coal burning less polluted for the environment (Going Green Literally pg17). The power plants are a big part of the pollution problem with them burning coal, and also fossil fuels to run their generators and machines. If power plants start to use the algae to cycle their exhaust the CO2 emissions can be lowered by 20% per power plant, which is a whole lot less greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. Clean energy alternatives to petroleum products are a way to stop drilling for oil to make into gasoline, diesel, fertilizers, aspirin, plastics and even artificial hearts and pacemakers. Thousands of household and everyday items are made with oil that you wouldn’t even think were. Family Recreational activities such as skiing and snowboarding use oil in the manufacturing of the boards or skis, even contact lenses that have oil in them and without oil how would they work. I’m sure there would be something else that manufacturers could use when making the lenses. Oil is a big industry that has its hold on most of American products and even the world. Biogas is another form of clean energy. It is also a sustainable resource that is made from grass and tree clippings, and restaurant food waste (Corum 36). Today power plants are all over the world and if they get converted to run of this sustainable resource than oil can be eliminated from the power plants. With the power plants not using oil and petroleum products that amount of oil that is needed to live can be cut down. FCC Expander Technology is the best way for the petroleum companies to go green. The FCC process is very complicated and uses all the waste products over again by recycling them into re-useable energy (Carbonetto 79). The recycled energy from the flue gas has a couple of things that it can be used for and I think that is a very good uses of the un-useable gas. The Electric power generation train in the petroleum plant has a lot of key benefits and engineers have been designing the most energy efficient ways to do the process of making fossil fuels (Carbonetto 83). The petroleum refining industry is starting to come up with ways to save energy, reduce costs and save the environments. Palm oil and Biodiesel are by-products of seeds. Biodiesel is made from oil that has been used at restaurants or other places and is a clean burning fuel deprived from biological sources (Biodiesel pg2). Biodiesel produces much less CO2 than regular diesel, biodegradable and is also non-toxic. Palm oil on the other hand, is made from palm tree seeds (Yusoff 3). The palm trees grow in warm tropical climates and two different types of palm fruit oil come from it. The first is crude palm oil from the seed and the second is crude palm kernel oil made from the kernel. What is good about palm oil is that palm trees are perennial crops and they are a sustainable resource. In conclusion, what has to happen is that governments around the world have to enforce new laws to protect the environment. The laws have to force the use of clean energy alternatives to petroleum products. The alternatives are Biodiesel and Palm Oil to fuel our cars, trucks, planes, trains and boats. The pollution has to be addressed next to save the planet. There are many form of pollution and law enforcement has to implement more strict laws and higher fines to stop people from littering. Last thing that has to be done is to push towards a future where electricity is made from wind or water. Windmills and watermills are the future of electricity and do not need to use any fossil fuels to power the generators. In order to go green people and business must start moving towards a greener living and the consumption of goods needs to be lowered by everyone.

Battle of Antietam - Outcome and Significance

Battle of Antietam - Outcome and Significance Dates: September 16-18, 1862 Other Names: Sharpsburg Location: Sharpsburg, Maryland. Key Individuals Involved in the Battle of Antietam: Union: Major General George B. McClellanConfederate: General Robert E. Lee Outcome: The result of the battle was inconclusive, but the north did win a strategic advantage. 23,100 casualties. Overview of the Battle: On September 16, Major  Gen. George B. McClellan  met General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in Sharpsburg, Maryland. The next morning at dawn, Union Major General Joseph Hooker led his corps to mount a strong assault on Lees left flank. This began what would be the bloodiest day in all of American military history. Fighting occurred across a cornfield and around the Dunker Church. In addition, Union troops assaulted the Confederates at the Sunken Road, which actually pierced through the Confederate center. However, the Northern troops did not follow through with this advantage. Later, Union General Ambrose Burnsides troops got into the fight, croosing over Antietam Creek and arriving at the Confederate right.     At a crucial moment, Confederate General Ambrose Powell Hill, Jrs  division arrived from  Harpers Ferry  and counterattacked. He was able to drive back Burnside and save the day. Even though he was  outnumbered two-to-one, Lee decided to commit his entire army while Union Major General George B. McClellan sent in fewer than three-quarters of his army, which enabled Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. Both  armies were able to consolidate their lines during the night. Even though his troops had suffered crippling casualties, Lee decided to continue to skirmish with McClellan throughout the day of the 18th, removing his wounded south at the same time. After dark, Lee ordered the withdrawal of his battered Army of Northern Virginia to across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley. Significance of the Battle of Antietam: The Battle of Antietam forced the Confederate Army to retreat back across the Potomac River. President Abraham Lincoln saw the significance of this and issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. Source: CWSAC Battle Summaries

Guyana; solid waste management Essay Example

Guyana; solid waste management Essay Example Guyana; solid waste management Essay Guyana; solid waste management Essay 1.0 Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Background As a underdeveloped state, Guyana is faced with the basic job of solid waste direction. Harmonizing to Gonzalez ( 2009 ) [ 1 ] â€Å"solid waste† refers to all decayable and non decayable solid and semisolid wastes, including but non limited to garbage, rubbish, ashes, industrial wastes, slop, destruction and building wastes, abandoned vehicles or parts thereof, and discarded trade goods. This includes all liquid, solid and semisolid stuffs which are non the primary merchandises of public, private, industrial, commercial, excavation and agricultural operations. Although waste disposal patterns in Guyana have non kept gait with the demands posed by additions in urban population and subsequent additions in waste coevals over the past few decennaries, solid waste direction is non at a critical phase ( Zavodska , 2003 ) [ 2 ] . However, it should be noted that the entire waste generated in 1995 for Guyana was reported at 42,665 dozenss and this increased by 5 per cent to 44,831 dozenss in 1996, a farther 2.4 per cent in 1997 and another addition of 2.4 per cent in 1998 ( Caribbean Community Secretariat, 2008 ) . Obviously, the most important addition in the entire waste generated in Guyana was from 1999 to 2000 where the waste coevals increased from 47,287 dozenss to 57,256 dozenss, stand foring an addition of 21.1 per cent. : Harmonizing to PAHO/WHO ( 2004 ) , among the six municipalities of Guyana, the per capita coevals of solid waste is greatest in Rose Hall, whereas, the smallest per capita coevals corresponds to the municipality of Anna Regina. Furthermore, there is unequal information documented as it pertains to the solid waste composing in Guyana, particularly for the municipalities outside of Georgetown. In Georgetown, the per capita coevals of wastes is considered to be the 2nd largest in the state with about 180,000 dwellers bring forthing in surplus of 190 dozenss of waste on a day-to-day footing ( Inter-American Development Bank, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Zavodska ( 2003 ) landfilling at Mandella Avenue is considered the lone manner of disposing municipal solid waste ( MSW ) in the capital metropolis. Basically, due to the absence of sufficient fundss to develop proper, healthful landfills, that are lined and have controls for leachate and methane coevals, MSW is frequently dumped into impermanent, ill designed, unlined, unmonitored holes in the land. As noted by ( Zavodska , 2003 ) , these stopgaps urban landfills are nil more than shoal excavated trenches, backfilled with solid waste and covered with dirt one time filled to capacity. Furthermore, due to the deficiency of sufficient out-of-door public waste bins in Georgetown, domestic wastes are frequently dispersed throughout the metropolis therefore doing it hard to take steps against taint ( United Nations, 1997 ) . Additionally, PAHO/WHO ( 2004 ) notes that, solid wastes accretions observed in urban countries roads and informal markets tend to increase in the macro and micro rates of vectors every bit good as bad smells and toxic fumes generated by the in situ combustion of these wastes. These informal markets along roadways and unfastened infinites besides generate solid wastes ( most of them organic in nature ) that create jobs to the aggregation system as they do non hold a proper storage system. Besides, rainwater drainage is frequently used for disposing solid wastes throughout the metropolis, and accumulated wastes frequently clog drainage canals quickly ( PAHO/WHO, 2004 ) . With respects to the composing of solid wastes in Georgetown, it should be noted that waste word picture informations reported by ( Brown and Vince, 2001 ) indicate that the organic fraction of the wastes generated exceeds 50 per centum ( by weight ) of the entire waste. The organic waste watercourse is basically composed of wasteof a biological beginning which may include points such as paper and composition board, nutrient, green and garden waste, carnal waste and biosolids and sludges. [ 3 ] More so, organic wastes are normally generated as a constituent of most waste watercourses and the term is by and large non intended to include plastics or rubber even though these polymers are surely organic in nature. Besides, decayable wastesare a subset of organic wastes with the differentiation being that decayable wastes, for case nutrient garbages, tend to biodegrade really rapidlywhereas some other organic wastes, for case paper, tend to necessitate drawn-out times or particular condit ions to biodegrade3. In add-on, with such big measures of organic wastes being generated, this poses a serious menace to public wellness. However, the importance of biological procedures in the direction and recycling of organic wastes has been widely recognized. Vermicomposting, which is basically one of the most efficient methods for change overing solid organic stuffs into environmentally friendly, utile and valuable merchandises for harvest production is deriving acknowledgment around the universe, though it is non a popular engineering ( Edwards, 2004, Aalok et al. , 2008 ) . As a procedure for managing organic remainders, vermicomposting represents an alternate attack in waste direction, since the stuff is neither landfilled nor burned but is considered a resource that may be recycled ( Aalok et al. , 2008 ) . In this sense, vermicomposting is compatible with sound environmental rules that value preservation of resources and sustainable patterns and therefore, can be an appropriate option for the safe, hygienic and cost effectual disposal of the organic fraction of solid wastes ( Kaviray and Sharma, 2003 ) . Vermicomposting may be defined as an accelerated procedure of biooxidation and stabilisation of organic wastes that involves interactions between angleworms and micro-organisms ( Edwards, 2004 ) . Although the micro-organisms are responsible for the biochemical debasement of the organic affair, angleworms are the important drivers of the procedure by break uping and conditioning the substrate, increasing the surface country for microbiological activity, and changing its biological activity ( Dominguez et al. , 2004 ) . In kernel, earthworms act as mechanical liquidizers and by interrupting down the organic affair they modify its physical and chemical position, bit by bit cut downing its Degree centigrade: N ratio, increasing the surface country exposed to micro-organisms and doing it much more favorable for microbic activity and farther decomposition. The terminal merchandise, or vermicompost, is a finely divided peat-like stuff with high porousness and H2O keeping capacity that contains most foods in the signifier that can be readily taken up by workss. Additionally, these angleworm dramatis personaes are rich in organic affair and have high rates of mineralization that impli cates a greatly enhanced works handiness of foods, peculiarly ammonium and nitrates ( Dominguez et al. , 2004 ) . It should be noted that the function of angleworms in the betterment of dirt birthrate and concentration of pollutants has been known for a long clip. However, angleworms were non commercially used for pollution control. In the last two decennaries, vermicomposting has found commercial applications in pollution direction ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . This engineering basically involves the application of angleworms for battling the waste disposal jobs, for minimising the pollution effects and to obtain utile merchandises from wastes. It is a little graduated table, low engineering attack and uses locally available labor and natural stuffs. Furthermore, the transmutation of solid wastes into vermicompost can be interpreted as one with a dual involvement. On the one manus, the wastes are converted into an agriculturally utile organic fertilizers which in bend have the possible to cut down the dependence on unrenewable chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and, on the other, it controls a pollutan t that is a effect of increasing population, urbanisation and intensive agribusiness ( Kaushik and Garg, 2003 ) . Furthermore, it is imperative to observe that workss, like other living things require nutrient for their growing and development. As such, 16 indispensable elements are required for works growing ; C ( C ) , H ( H ) , and O ( O ) are derived from the ambiance and dirt H2O while the staying 13 elements ( N ( N ) , P ( P ) , K ( K ) , Ca ( Ca ) , Mg ( Mg ) , sulfur ( S ) , Fe ( Fe ) , zinc ( Zn ) , manganese ( Mn ) , Cu ( Cu ) , B ( B ) , molybdenum ( Mo ) , and Cl ( Cl ) ) are supplied either from dirt minerals and dirt organic affair or by organic or inorganic fertilizers ( Silva, 2000 ) . While fertilizers may supply the indispensable foods required for works growing, it is of import to observe that the rampant usage of chemical fertilizers has contributed mostly to the impairment of the environment through the depletion of fossil fuels required for their production, increases in the emanations of C dioxide ( CO2 ) and the taint of H2O resources ( Nagavallemma et al.,2006 ) . However, there now is a turning realisation around the universe that the acceptance of ecological and sustainable agriculture patterns is critical in order to change by reversal the worsening tendency in the planetary productiveness and environmental protection ( Aveyard 1988, Wani and Lee 1992, Wani et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, the widespread acceptance of vermicomposting in the epoch of sustainable agriculture has been proven good by legion surveies. As such, there is grounds that organically based alimentary beginnings such as vermicompost may supply an option to man-made fertilizers in order to supply nutrition for workss every bit good as influence their growing and productiveness ( Edwards, 1998 ) . However, spreads in this field of research do still be and therefore there is uninterrupted demand for surveies to find the effects of other vermicomposted organic residues on works growing. More so, a recent survey conducted by Yusuf ( 2009 ) who investigated the potency of Eisen ia fetida to bring forth organic fertilizers from three types of manure obtained from local farms, recommended that farther research should be done to compare the effects of vermicomposts produced to that of an inorganic fertilizer on works growing. With acknowledgment of this possible spread in vermicomposting research, the present survey hence aims to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . 1.2 Proposed Title Vermicomposting: A Sustainable Option for Organic Waste Management in Guyana 1.3 Problem Statement Organic waste poses a serious environmental job globally, and Guyana is no exclusion with the organic fraction of wastes generated on a day-to-day footing being in surplus of 50 per centum ( Brown and Vince, 2001 ) . Management of solid wastes is a major issue in Guyana and waste disposal patterns have non kept gait with the increasing demands posed by population growing and waste coevals ( Zavodska , 2003 ) . As a effect, much of the wastes are frequently discarded into the environment in an indiscriminate mode, therefore doing it hard to take steps against taint. In landfills, organic wastes decompose anaerobically in order to bring forth biogas ( preponderantly methane, a important nursery gas ) every bit good as leachate which contains foods and soluble organic stuffs ( Waste 2020, 2001 ) [ 4 ] . Furthermore, the leachate has the possible to foul groundwater and may besides let go of and call up heavy metals from landfills. Some organic wastes such as sludges and biosolids may besides incorporate heavy metals or alimentary pollutants and uncontrolled disposal of these substances may take to site taint or H2O pollution4. However, the biological procedure of vermicomposting nowadayss a feasible chance to break up and change over the organic fraction of solid wastes into agriculturally utile organic fertilizers utilizing locally available species of angleworms. Furthermore, there is roll uping grounds which indicates that vermicompost may supply the indispensable foods required for works growing. The widespread acceptance of this engineering can function a dual map ; foremost in footings of minimising the sum of organic wastes required for disposal and secondly by recycling these wastes into a valuable merchandise that can be utilized for harvest production, it may cut down the dependence on chemical fertilizers. 1.4 Purpose of Study This research intends to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) 1.5 Significance of the Research Given the fact that solid waste direction is a serious environmental issue in Guyana and that the organic fraction of the entire waste that is generated is in surplus of 50 per centum, it is of import to observe that vermicomposting can play a major function by recycling such wastes into environmentally friendly, utile and valuable organic fertilizers which can heighten harvest production. Additionally, research has shown that vermicompost plays a important function in bettering the growing and output of assorted harvests. As such, this research will non merely function to supplement anterior surveies done where Eisenia fetida was used to change over organic residues such as vegetable wastes and manure into organic fertilizers, but it will besides compare the effects of the vermicompst produced from works based residues to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . Furthermore, this research will potentially give weight to the statement of vermicomposting as a sustainable engineering for recycling organic wastes which can in bend better the direction of organic solid waste in Guyana. Furthermore, this survey may besides back up and supply a model for future experimental surveies in Guyana utilizing the vermicomposting procedure, and a combination of these consequences could be used to advance and promote the widespread usage of organic fertilizers. 1.6 Research Questions This research seeks to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What are the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt and inorganic fertilizer? 2. Is works growing affected by the measure of vermicompost applied? 3. What is the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues utilizing the assorted fertilizer interventions? 4. Which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing? 1.7 Research Aims Specific aims could be derived from the research inquiries and they are as follow: 1. To find the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer ; 2. To find the effects of different measures of vermicompost derived from works based residues on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) ; 3. To find the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues ; 4. To find which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing. 1.8 Scope of Research Chapter 1: Background of solid waste direction in Guyana, overview of the application of vermicomposting in organic waste direction, background on fertilizers ( inorganic and organic ) , the proposed research rubric, statement of the job, intent of the survey, significance of the survey and eventually research inquiries and aims Chapter 2: This chapter outlines the literature reappraisal which explores, based on specific subjects, similar countries of surveies that lead up to the current research. Chapter 3: This chapter describes the proposed methodological analysis Chapter 4: This chapter outlines how the analysis of the informations collected and findings will be done. Chapter 5: Concludes the survey 2.0 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Growth is defined as the increase in dry mass, volume, length, or country that consequences from the division, enlargement, and distinction of cells ( Lambers, 2008 ) . However, in relation to workss, growing refers to the procedure by which a works increases in the figure and size of foliages and roots ( Rayburn, 1993 ) . Plants, like other living things require energy for proper development and as such, 16 indispensable elements are required for works growing. Each is every bit of import to the works ; yet, each is required in immensely different sums. Carbon ( C ) , H ( H ) , and O ( O ) are derived from the ambiance and dirt H2O while, the staying 13 elements are supplied either from dirt minerals and dirt organic affair or by organic or inorganic fertilizers ( Silva, 2000 ) . A fertilizer as defined loosely by Nielsson ( 1968 ) is any stuff, organic or inorganic, natural or man-made, that is placed on or incorporated into the dirt to provide workss with one or more of the chemic al elements necessary for normal growing. It is of import to observe that the quality of works merchandises can be well affected by works nutrition. Furthermore, the inquiry is frequently asked whether there is any major difference in works quality between workss supplied with organic or inorganic fertilizers. As such, ( Mengel et al. , 2001 ) notes that in organic fertilisers such as farmyard manure, slurries and green manure, most works foods, including K, Mg and phosphate, are present in an inorganic signifier. Other foods, specifically, N and sulfur, are converted to inorganic signifiers by dirt micro-organisms before the soaking up by works roots takes topographic point. Therefore, although workss may be supplied with organic fertilisers, they however take up inorganic foods derived from these organic stuffs ( Mengel et al. , 2001 ) . Inorganic and organic fertilisers do, nevertheless, differ in the handiness of the works foods they contain. Foods in inorganic fertilisers are straight available to works roots, whereas t he foods of organic stuffs and particularly organic N are of low handiness. It should besides be noted that chemical fertilizers are either unfertile or have undistinguished microbiological activity. They are chiefly composed of water-soluble chemical salts and as such organic stuff seldom forms portion of chemical fertilizers [ 5 ] . Once these salts have been depleted from a chemical fertilizer, re-application is required in order to keep the food degrees. However, in the instance of vermicompost, due to the presence of nitrifying and nitrogen repairing bacteriums in the compost, N can be easy fixed from the ambiance and converted to works soluble nitrates. Obviously, the procedure continues every bit long as there is sufficient organic affair ( which is present in vermicompost ) and hence, re-application is non required at the same rate as chemical fertilisers5. Another of import differentiation that must be highlighted is the fact that microbiologically active vermicompost is capable of renewing the foods from the ambiance, organic affair and H2O and therefore replaces those lost from chemical fertilizers by leaching, works consumption and chemical reactions5. With regard to moisture keeping capacity and betterment of dirt construction, chemical fertilizers have an undistinguished consequence, since they chiefly consist of water-soluble salts. Vermicompost, on the other manus, due to the aggregative nature of the worm castings, has appreciable H2O keeping capacity and its usage leads to better dirt structure5. Furthermore, the disadvantage of chemical fertilizers comes in erroneously believing that it will replace for all the benefits of organic stuffs ( Nebel et al. , 2001 ) . In the absence of sufficient debris, dirt beings starve, humus content diminutions, and all the desirable belongingss of the dirt diminution as the top dirt mineralizes. With the dirt s loss of alimentary keeping capacity, applied inorganic fertilizer is prone to merely leach into waterways. Nebel et al. , ( 2001 ) besides emphasizes the point that the instance is non one in which chemical fertilizers do non hold a function to play in heightening harvest production but instead, a acute apprehension of the different functions played by organic stuffs and inorganic foods is required and that each type is used as necessary. This is of import to see since the sole usage of organic stuff may supply deficient sums of one or more foods required to back up works growing. 2.2 Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological procedure of composting, in which certain species of angleworms are used to heighten the procedure of waste transition and produce a better terminal merchandise ( Nagavallemma KP et al. , 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Kumar ( 2005 ) , the merchandise is the consequence of organic wastes consumed by angleworms, digested and excreted in the signifier of granules. More so, vermicomposts are finely divided peat-like stuffs with high porousness, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity ( Edwards A ; Burrows, 1985 ) . They have a huge surface country, supplying strong absorbability and keeping of foods ( Shi-wei A ; Fu-zhen, 1991 ) and they contain equal measures of NPK and several micronutrients indispensable for works growing. Furthermore, vermicomposting differs from composting in several ways. It is a mesophilic procedure, using micro-organisms and angleworms that are active at 10-32 °C ( non ambient temperature but temperature within the heap of moist organic stuff ) . The procedure is faster than composting ; because the stuff passes through the angleworm s intestine, a important but non yet to the full understood transmutation takes topographic point, whereby the ensuing earthworm castings ( writhe manure ) are rich in microbic activity and works growing regulators, and fortified with pest repellence properties as good ( Gandhi et al. , 1997 ) . These metabolites ( i.e. growing regulators and polyoses ) are strongly responsible for the fertilizing value of dramatis personaes. The polysaccharides nowadays in the dramatis personaes act as a cementing substance, contribute to dirty construction by guaranting a better aeration, H2O keeping, drainage and aerophilic status which are utile for root develop ment and alimentary handiness ( Antonello, 2007 ) . There is grounds that dramatis personaes are able to act upon works metamorphosis, rooting induction and development in controlled environments ( Edwards et al. , 1980 ; Tomati et al. , 1990 ) every bit good as stimulate works growing in unfastened Fieldss. In add-on, Sultan ( 1997 ) indicates that vermicompost has a particular topographic point in agribusiness because of its presence of readily available works foods, growing heightening substances, and a figure of good micro-organisms like N repair, phosphoric solubilising and cellulose break uping beings. Furthermore, Sultan ( 1997 ) suggests that vermicomposting has the possible to recycle organic wastes for which no proper mechanisms are available, or that which the conventional techniques such as incineration may be risky. It should be noted that, by recycling organic wastes in agribusiness brings in the much needed organic and mineral affair to the dirt ( Nag, 2008 ) . Since most reclaimable wastes are organic, they straight add organic affair and the works foods. When the organic input plays a critical function in bettering the physical and biological belongingss of dirt, the alimentary input improves its birthrate, therefore, supplying a favorable environment for works growing. As such, organic wastes recycling leads to an betterment in overall dirt birthrate and productiveness. 2.2.1 The Role of Earthworms in Vermicomposting Earthworms are segmented and bilaterally symmetrical worms, with an external secretory organ ( clitellum ) bring forthing an egg instance ( cocoon ) , a centripetal lobe in forepart of the oral cavity ( prostomium ) , with the anus at the posterior terminal of the animate being organic structure, no limbs but possessing a little figure of bristles ( chaetae ) on each section ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . Furthermore, earthworms constitute more than 80 per centum of dirt invertebrates biomass in many ecosystems. Pandey et al. , ( 2008 ) notes that, about 10-15 percent net primary production is channelized through angleworms. Basically, the angleworm acts as an aerator, crusher, sociable, bomber, chemical debaser and biostimulator. This in itself describes the angleworm s function in decomposition. Earthworms are known to assist the dirt in respiration, nutrition, elimination, stabilisation etc. In add-on, these beings help to modulate dirt temperature and therefore excite utile a ctivities of aerophilic micro-organisms ( Pandey et al. , 2008 ) . It should be noted that the nutrient after go throughing through the alimental canal of the angleworm, emerges as a compact concentrated mass termed vermicastings. The angleworm s dramatis personaes contain more micro-organisms, organic affair and inorganic minerals in a signifier that be used by workss. Vermicastings contain excreta, earthworm cocoons and undigested nutrient doing them first-class as organic manure. It is porous and has wet absorbing capacity. It is besides rich in vitamins, antibiotics and enzymes ; upases, cellulases and chitinases. These enzymes continue the decomposition of organic affair after elimination from the worm as dramatis personaes and, these dramatis personaes are besides rich in nitrates, phosphates and potassium hydroxide. It is of import to observe that the ability of some species of angleworms to devour and breakdown a broad scope of organic residues such as sewerage sludge, animate being wastes, harvest residues and industrial garbage is good known ( Edwards et al. , 1985 ; Kaushik and Garg, 2003 ) . Furthermore, different species of angleworms have rather distinguishable life histories and occupy different ecological niches. However, research indicates that the epigaeic species are expected to be the most suited for vermiculture and vermicomposting ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . Epigaeic species tend to populate above the mineral dirt surface typically in the litter beds and works dust and provender on them. They are plants of epigaeic species include ; Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei, Eudrilus eugniae, Perionyx excavatus and Drawida medesta. Additionally, it is of import to observe that Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei are closely related species which are normally used for direction of organic wastes by vermicomposting. They are mobile and omnipresent with a world-wide distribution and many organic wastes become of course colonised by them. Another ground why these two species are prefered in vermicomposting relates to the fact that they both have good temperature tolerance and can populate in organic wastes with a scope of wet contents ( Dominguez and Edwards, 2004 ) . 2.2.2 Recent surveies on Vermicomposting The usage of vermicompost, as a beginning of organic manure in supplementing chemical fertilisers is going popular twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours ( Kumar, 2005 ) . As such, there is roll uping scientific grounds that vermicompost can act upon the growing and productiveness of workss significantly ( Edwards, 1998 ) . The good effects of vermicompost on workss may be due to their physical and chemical belongingss such as atom size, porousness, H2O keeping capacity, air capacity, electrical conduction and pH which are even more of import than the concentration of foods ( Gouin, 1998 ) . Furthermore, a figure of nursery and field surveies have examined the responses of workss to the usage or permutation of vermicompost to dirty or greenhouse container media ( Chan A ; Griffiths 1988 ; Edwards A ; Burrows 1988 ; Wilson A ; Carlile 1989 ; Mba 1996 ; Buckerfield A ; Webster 1998 ) . Most of these surveies have confirmed that vermicomposts, whether used as dirt additives or as co nstituents of horticultural media, improved seed sprouting and enhanced the rates of seedling growing and development. Harmonizing to a survey by Edwards and Burrows ( 1988 ) , cabbages grown in tight blocks from hog waste vermicompost in a nursery and later transplanted to the field were larger and more mature at crop as compared to those grown in a commercial blocking stuff. Furthermore, in a field experiment in which manioc Peel assorted with guava foliages and vermicomposts produced from domestic fowl dungs were applied to field harvests, Mba ( 1983 ) reported higher shoot biomass and increased seed outputs of black-eyed pea. Venkatesh et Al. ( 1997 ) besides reported that outputs of Thompson Seedless grapes were significantly higher when vermicompost was applied and Kumar ( 2005 ) has reported significantly higher outputs when vermicompost was applied to chilis, Citrullus vulgariss and Paddies as compared to farm pace manure. It should besides be noted that organic vermicompost could assist to bring forth extra outputs of harvests to an extent of 30 % more output than normal outputs as indicated by ( Venkataratnam, 1994 ) . Furthermore, Atiyeh et al. , ( 2000 ) have reported the differences in the effects of vermicomposts and composts on marigold and tomato workss. As such, workss were less antiphonal to the composts than vermicomposts. This difference in growing may be due to the cardinal differences between the composting and vermicomposting procedures which use different microbic communities, with composting be givening to ensue in the release of mineral N in the ammonium signifier, where as vermicomposting releases most the N in the nitrate signifier, the signifier readily available for works consumption. Another survey conducted by ( Arouiee, 2009 ) which investigated the effects of different degrees of vermicompost on seed sprouting parametric quantities and the growing of nursery tomato ( Lycopersicun esculentum ) concluded that there were important differences between interventions. The highest seed sprouting rate was in 25 % vermicompost. Tomato seedlings turning in 100 % vermicompost had the lowest sum of chlorophyll, the lowest foliage diameter, lowest dry weight and were the shortest seedlings between all interventions. Furthermore, the application of 50 % vermicompost increased the inter-node figure, root dry weight and nitrogen content of tomato seedlings significantly as compared to the control workss. Besides, the incorporation of 25 % vermicompost increased significantly the shoot dry weight and leaf country of tomato seedlings compared to the control. Similarly, an experiment conducted to find the effects of vermicompost on the growing, output and fruit quality of tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum volt-ampere. Super Beta ) in a field status by ( Azarmi et al. , 2008 ) revealed that the add-on of vermicompost at a rate of 15 t ha-1 significantly increased growing and output compared to the control. Vermicompost applied at this rate besides increased electrical conduction of fruit juice and per centum of fruit dry affair up to 30 and 24 % , severally. The content of K, P, Fe and Zn in the works tissue increased 55, 73, 32 and 36 % compared to untreated secret plans severally. Furthermore, the consequence of this experiment showed that the add-on of vermicompost had important positive effects on growing, output and elemental content of workss as compared to the control. 2.2.3 Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizers It is of import to observe that intensive cropping systems with fertilizer antiphonal harvests that rely on high inputs of inorganic fertilisers frequently lead to unsustainability in production. However, complete dependance on organic beginnings of foods may besides be in equal to achieve the most productiveness. Furthermore, few surveies have compared the effects of vermicompost to that of inorganic fertilizers on the growing of workss. The consequences of these surveies indicate that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers helps to increase harvest productiveness and quality and therefore keep dirt birthrate. As such, ( Ushakumari et al. , 1999 ) have proven that amending dirts with vermicomposts applied at 12 t ha-1 in combination with 100 or 75 % of the recommended application rate of inorganic fertilisers increased outputs of okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus Moench ) significantly. Similarly, ( Athani et al. , 1999 ) have reported that by amending dirts with vermicomposts, at 2kg/plant, together with 75 % of the recommended rate of inorganic fertilisers promoted shoot production of bananas. Additionally, vermicompost applications to field dirts combined with 50 % of the recommended inorganic fertilisers increased the outputs of tomatoes compared to dirts treated with 100 % of the recommended inorganic fertilisers merely ( Kolte et al. , 1999 ) . Anwar et al. , ( 2005 ) besides reported that the combination of vermicompost at 5tha-1 and fertilizer NPK 50:25:25kgha-1 performed the best with regard to growing, herb, dry affair, oil content, and oil output in an experiment conducted with six different combinations of organic manure ( farm pace manure and vermicompost ) and inorganic fertilisers ( NPK ) to analyze their effects on output and oil quality in basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. curriculum vitae. Vikas Sudha ) . Another survey done by Alam et al. , ( 2007 ) besides validated the combined effects of vermicomposts and chemical fertilizers on the growing and output of murphies. The consequences for this experiment revealed that the application of vermicompost at a rate of 10 t ha-1 with 100 % of the recommended NPK fertilizer produced the highest growing and tuber output of murphy. However, the lowest outputs were recorded in the control intervention. 2.2.4 Vermicompost surveies in Guyana It should be noted that vermicomposting, though non a popular engineering has besides gained acknowledgment in Guyana, and surveies conducted over the last five old ages have indicated the potency of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer. As such, Yusuf ( 2009 ) investigated the potency of Eisenia fetida to bring forth organic fertilizers from cow, sheep and lily-livered manure. A similar research was besides done by Sealey Adams ( 2008 ) where an rating of the vermicomposting procedure utilizing filter imperativeness clay, cow and sheep manure was done. The decisions were made that although there was a important difference in the optimal period of vermicomposting between the substrates, there was no important difference in the NPK values when composts were compared. Obviously, a few surveies have besides been done on vermicomposted works based residues in Guyana. Ansari ( 2006 ) showed that, the combination of biodung composting and vermicomposting of grass cuttings, H2O jacinth and cowss droppings could be successfully processed within 60 yearss utilizing Eisenia fetida. Similarly, Sullivan ( 2005 ) conducted an experiment whereby kitchen wastes consisting plantain and taro teguments were converted into vermicompost over a 70 twenty-four hours period. Furthermore, each of these surveies conducted in Guyana utilized the Eisenia fetida species of angleworm in the vermicomposting procedure. 2.2.5 Vermicomposting surveies utilizing plant-based residues Other surveies elsewhere have besides indicated the potency of vermicomposting works based residues. As such, Sukumaran ( 2008 ) investigated the possibility of using vegetable wastes for vermiculture utilizing Megascolex mauritii species of angleworms. The consequences obtained from this survey indicated that the NPK values were maximal in the compost obtained from vegetable waste amended with dirt and cow droppings ( N 1.76, P 1.60 and K 4.98 ) as compared to the other interventions which included the dirt entirely ( control ) ( T1 ) , dirt + cow droppings ( T2 ) , and dirt + vegetable waste ( T3 ) . Furthermore, Suthar ( 2009 ) besides conducted a survey whereby vegetable solid waste amended with wheat straw, cow droppings and biogas slurry was converted in vermicompost. Obviously, vermicomposting resulted in a lessening in organic C ( 12.7-28 % ) and C: N ratio ( 42.4-57.8 % ) , while an addition in entire N ( 50.6-75.8 % ) , available P ( 42.5-110.4 % ) , and exchangeable K ( 36 .0-78.4 % ) contents. Furthermore, the consequences from this survey indicated that vermicomposting can be an efficient engineering to change over undistinguished vegetable-market solid wastes into nutrient-rich biofertilizer if assorted with bulking stuffs in appropriate ratios. 2.3 Features of Pak Choi Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) , is a two-year, though if checked or grown in inauspicious conditions it will run to seed in its first twelvemonth. The classical pak choi is a loose caput of up to a twelve, calendered green foliages with smooth borders. The foliages contrast dramatically with the really white foliage chaffs, which frequently broaden at the base into a characteristic spoon-like form ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . The leaf chaffs vary in length from approximately 7cm to 30 centimeter. Pak choi is besides noted for being a versatile harvest. During the seedling phase, the little, separate foliages are no more than 7.5-10cm/3-4 inches long, with the foliage chaffs undeveloped. This phase can be reached within two hebdomads of seeding in good growth conditions. Furthermore, for the to the full developed workss, standard assortments vary in tallness from 20-23cm/8-9inches to 60cm/2feet. This phase is frequently reached between 5 to 8 hebdomads after seeding ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . There are many signifiers of pak choi, some with really light green foliages and some with really cupped, ‘ladle-shaped foliages. The foliage chaffs besides vary tremendously. Assortments of pak choi scope in size from big, really robust workss 60cm/24inches or taller to the absolutely formed illumination or knee bend pak chois merely 8-10cm/3-4 inches tall ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . Large workss can weigh over 2kg/4lbs with really small wastage. On the whole, the younger the workss the more stamp they are. The Chinese white battalion choi is a hardy looking type, with light to dark green, reasonably thick foliages, frequently curving outwards. The leaf chaffs are really white, broad, slightly short and by and large level, sometimes overlapping at the base of the works. Plants tend to be of medium size, around 30cm/12inches high. In add-on, most pak chois are comparatively cool-season harvests, with the ideal temperature during growing being 15-200C. With respects to the dirt type for this harvest, it should be noted that pak choi has a comparatively shallow, finely branched root system, so it must be grown in fertile, wet recollective dirt. Lack of wet at any phase during growing frequently leads to premature bolting and hapless quality workss. Furthermore, seedling pak chois and little immature workss can be grown satisfactorily in containers and sown at a deepness of 1/4 ? inches deep. Additionally, it is of import to observe that pak choi is a heavy feeder, therefore it should be fertilized with composted manure or a balanced fertiliser four hebdomads after puting out grafts ( NGB, 2010 ) . In footings of harvest home, it is of import to observe that pak choi should ever be picked when the foliages and leaf chaffs look fresh and chip. It can either be harvested a few foliages at a clip, by picking the outer leaves when they reach a utile size, or by cutting a whole caput 1.5-2cm above land degree ( Larkcom, 2008 ) . 3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology In order to accomplish the research objectives, an experiment will be conducted. An experiment is a method of research in which the research worker intentionally intervenes in order to present alterations into a state of affairs, with the purpose of detecting the effects of those alterations on the procedure being studied ( Dyer, 1995 ) . Whereas the research worker who uses the descriptive method makes observations under natural conditions, an research worker utilizing an experimental attack manipulates the state of affairs in some manner in order to prove the hypothesis that has been made. A controlled state of affairs is set up ; that is, certain factors, or variables, are held changeless, an independent variable is manipulated, and the consequences are evaluated and compared with the consequences obtained in the controlled group ( Notter et al. , 1999 ) . 3.1 To find the chemical belongingss ( N, P, K ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer To accomplish this aim, samples will be taken to GuySuCo Laboratory for analysis. In order to obtain the vermicompost samples, an experiment will be done utilizing Eisenia fetida angleworms to break up works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) . 3.1.1 To carry on the Vermicomposting Experiment The site for the experiment will be at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus. Both the worms and cow manure required will be provided by Saints Stanislaus College Farm while the works residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) will be obtained from market sites. 3.1.2 Bed Construction * The armored combat vehicle system will be used for this experiment. The site presently has three ( 3 ) vermiculture armored combat vehicles of dimensions 1.9 m ( length ) , 1.5 m ( breadth ) and 1 m ( deepness ) constructed from concrete of which two ( 2 ) will be used for this experiment ; * In one of the armored combat vehicles, a bottom bed of crushed rocks ( 4 centimeter ) will be added followed by a bed of white sand ( 4 centimeter ) and loam dirt ( 4 centimeter ) . These beds will so be moistened but non wholly soaked ; * A bed of works based residues will so be placed over the foundation followed by cow droppings. This will be repeated until the tallness reaches 50 centimeter ; * 100 of the Eisenia fetida species of angleworms will be released into the armored combat vehicle. The unit will so be sprinkled with H2O to maintain the contents moist so that the angleworms would hold a suited home ground to populate and multiply ; * The armored combat vehicle will be covered with a polythene sheet so as to forestall gnawers and birds from assailing the angleworms every bit good as to except light since angleworms prefer darkness. 3.1.3 Biodung Precomposting and Vermicomposting  · A 2nd armored combat vehicle of similar dimensions will be used for the biodung precomposting procedure. 200kg of fresh works based residues and 40kg of cow droppings will be used to fix the precompost ;  · The works based residues will be deposited in beds, with cow droppings slurry being soaked after each bed. After making a tallness of 3 pess, the pile will be soaked with a significant measure of cow droppings slurry and covered with a polythene sheet ;  · The biodung precompost will be watered and turned every 10 ( 10 ) yearss. This procedure will last for 30 ( 30 ) yearss and temperature readings will be recorded every five ( 5 ) yearss ;  · At the terminal of 30 ( 30 ) yearss the precompost will be harvested and weighed observing the transition rate. The broken down waste will so be subjected to the action of angleworms.  · The biodung precompost will so be transferred into the first armored combat vehicle in which the angleworms will farther degrade the waste and bring forth vermicompost over a period of 60 yearss ;  · The vermibed will be moistened every three ( 3 ) yearss by scattering H2O over it. Temperature readings will besides be recorded during the vermicomposting procedure. 3.1.4 Reaping the Compost  · At the terminal of 60 ( 60 ) yearss the vermicompost will be carefully harvested so as to take merely the compost and non the dirt in the armored combat vehicle. All angleworms will be returned to the armored combat vehicle ;  · The vermicompost will so be weighed and spread on to a polythene sheet and air dried for two ( 2 ) yearss ;  · The compost will so be sifted and packaged in nothing lock bags and stored in a cool dark topographic point ;  · Samples will be later taken to GuySuCo Laboratory to undergo NPK proving and used for turning pak choi. 3.2 To accomplish Research Objectives 2, 3 and 4 In order to accomplish research aims 2, 3 and 4, a works growing experiment will be conducted at the National Agricultural Research Institute ( NARI ) , Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara. 3.2.1 Hypothesis Hnull: Vermicompost does non hold an consequence on the comparative growing of Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) Alternate hypothesis: Vermicompost has an consequence on the comparative growing of Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) 3.2.2 Conducting the Plant Growth Experiment Datas from the vermicompost analysis will supply the footing for finding the elemental content per gm of vermicompost to steer the measure of vermicompost added to each works pot relation to the control pots which will have no fertilizer application and to the commercial fertilizer intervention. Pak Choi seeds and a recommended inorganic fertilizer will be purchased. 3.2.3 Sowing of Seeds * One hundred and eighty ( 180 ) seeds will be sown in works pots, three ( 3 ) seeds per pot and allowed to shoot in the nursery located in the works babys room at the ( NARI ) and seedlings will be watered on a day-to-day footing ; * The dirt will be obtained from the dirt storage in the works babys room at the ( NARI ) ; * After the first two foliages of each seedling have emerged, 60 ( 60 ) seedlings will be transplanted to single pots and placed in several groups ( control intervention, vermicompost intervention, combination intervention and inorganic fertilizer intervention ) each with 10 reproductions. * Furthermore, baseline informations such as the mean leaf country, works highs, leaf Numberss and dry and wet weights of these workss will be recorded. This information will be used to cipher the comparative growing rate, leaf country ratio and net assimilation rate of the interventions at the terminal of the experiment. 3.2.4 Using the Fertilizers * The experiment will consist four ( 4 ) interventions ; ten ( 10 ) control pots ( T1 ) with ordinary garden loam dirt, 10 ( 10 ) commercial fertilizer + loam dirt pots ( T2 ) with a fixed sum added to reflect closely the tantamount alimentary content of the vermicompost, three ( 3 ) degrees of vermicompost pots ( T3 ) ( L1, L2 and L3 ) with 10 ( 10 ) reproductions each and ten ( 10 ) combination interventions ( T4 ) dwelling of vermicompost + inorganic fertilizer in a recommended ratio. * Treatments will get down after the seedlings would hold reached an averaged tallness of 3 inches ; * Treatments will happen one time hebdomadal and measurings of works highs, leaf country and foliage Numberss will be recorded observing the mean figure of foliages, leaf country and highs for each corresponding intervention ; * At the terminal of the experiment, works samples will be harvested from each intervention, weighed ( works moisture and dry weights ) utilizing the oven and graduated table provided by the Biology Department, concluding foliage countries will be determined and dirt and tissue samples will be tested for alimentary contents ( N, P, K, Mg and Ca ) at GuySuCo Laboratory. 4.0 Chapter 4: Analysis OF DATA COLLECTED4.1 Datas collected from the elemental analysis for the samples ; vermicompost, dirt and inorganic fertilizer ( to accomplish Research Objective 1 ) Using the values for NPK obtained from the elemental analysis of the samples, line and saloon graphs will be generated utilizing the computing machine package Microsoft Excel 2007. This will let the research worker to hold a ocular representation of the consequences and therefore change over the information into a format that can be easy read, interpreted and explained. The graphs produced will demo a comparing of the NPK values obtained for each sample. 4.2 Datas collected from the works growing experiment ( to accomplish Research Objectives 2-4 ) Using the values obtained over the full experimental period for the mean figure of foliages and highs per works for each intervention, the research worker will input this information into the Microsoft Excel 2007 package in order to bring forth graphical representations that will demo which intervention resulted in the greatest addition in works highs and figure of foliages on norm. Furthermore, utilizing the values obtained for the moisture and dry weights of the works samples at the terminal of the experiment, the research worker will measure the Relative Growth Rate ( RGR ) of the workss in each intervention in order to infer the consequence of the assorted interventions ( control, vermicompost, combination and inorganic fertilizer ) on works growing. The expression that will be used for this analysis is: And t re the agencies of the natural logarithm-transformed works weights and t2 and t1 represent the concluding and initial times severally. Furthermore, graphs will besides be generated in order to demo the comparings of the ( RGR ) for weight of the works species and the consequences from the dirt and tissue analysis. After ciphering the ( RGR ) for the different interventions, t-test will be used to find whether or non the differences in RGR of the workss in the assorted interventions were statistically important utilizing a significance degree of 0.05. When the significance degree is set at 0.05, any trial resulting in a p-value under 0.05 would be important. Therefore, the research worker would reject the void hypothesis in favour of the alternate hypothesis. In add-on to ciphering the RGR, the research worker will besides cipher the Leaf Area Ratio ( LAR ) and Net Assimilation Rate ( NAR ) for each intervention. The ( LAR ) is an indicant of the efficiency of a given leaf country to bring forth a given works size and the undermentioned expression will be used to cipher LAR: Leaf Area Ratio ( LAR ) Over any clip LAR = foliage area2 foliage area1 = LA2 -LA1 interval works dry weight2 works dry weight1 W2 W1 ; Unit of measurements = cm2 g-1 or cm2/g The net assimilation rate ( NAR ) , which is besides called unit foliage rate, is a step of the addition in works weight per unit of leaf country ( or weight ) , per unit clip. It is a step of the efficiency of production. The expression that will be used to cipher the NAR is: Net Assimilation Rate ( NAR ) NAR = RGR = 1  · RGR LAR LAR = 1  · ln W2 ln W1 LA2 LA1 t2 t1 W2 W1 = W2 W1  · ln W2 ln W1 ; units = g cm-2 day-1 or g/cm2/day LA2 LA1t2 t1 Finally, based on the consequences obtained from these computations, the research worker will be able to find which intervention would hold resulted in the best overall works growing. 5.0 Chapter 5: Decision This research is intended to compare the effects of vermicompost derived from works based residues ( including vegetable wastes and the Peels of fruits ) to that of an inorganic fertilizer on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) . Furthermore, this survey will take the signifier of an experimental attack and the research worker intends to supply replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What are the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt and inorganic fertilizer? ; Is works growing affected by the measure of vermicompost applied? ; What is the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues utilizing the assorted fertilizer interventions? ; and Which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing? In add-on, specific aims that were derived from the research inquiries include: to find the chemical belongingss ( NPK ) of the vermicompost samples, dirt, and inorganic fertilizer ; to find the effects of different measures of vermicompost derived from works based residues on the growing of nursery Pak Choi ( Brassica rapa var chinensis ) ; to find the mineral food content in Pak Choi works tissues and to find which fertiliser option consequences in best overall works growing. 5.1 PROPOSED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Agarwal S.K. , ( 2005 ) Wealth from Waste ; APH Publishing 2. Alam M.N. , M.S. Jahan, M.K. Ali, M. A. Ashraf and M.K. Islam, ( 2007 ) ; Effect of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Potato in Barind Soils of Bangladesh, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3 ( 12 ) : 1879-1888 3. Antonello D. Stephanie, ( 2007 ) ; Frontiers in Ecology Research, Nova Publishers 4. Anwar, M. , Patra, D. D. , Chand, S. , Alpesh, K. , Naqvi, A. A. 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