Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse Article

Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse - Article Example With high rates of abuse of opiate analgesics among teenagers in the United States, a particularly urgent priority is the investigation of best practices for treating pain in adolescents as well as the development of prevention strategies to reduce diversion and abuse." This addresses the issue of the abuse and misuse of prescription drugs. Determining whether or not a person is abusing or is addicted to a prescription medication can be a daunting task for officials. This is particularly true for patients receiving chronic pain relievers such as opioids (Compton, Darakjian, and Miotto, 1998). Prescription drugs that are commonly prescribed for this purpose include fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, and oxycodone. Opioid analgesics appear to be the prescription drugs most commonly abused (Weaver and Schnoll, 2002 and Zachny, et al, 2003). "In 2002, opioid analgesics accounted for 9.85% of all drug a... identifying the causes and sources of diversion, without interfering with legitimate medical practice and patient care" (Gilson, Ryan, Joranson, and Dahl, 2004, pg. 1). Search Strategies Since this manuscript is academic in nature, only academic journals were used as reference material. An Internet search was conducted utilizing a keyword search of 'prescription drug monitoring and drug abuse.' When the results were returned via the Google search engine, 'scholarly resources' for the keyword string was chosen and the resources were carefully picked from that subcategory according to content and relevance. Background/Significance According to Bedell (2000, pg. 2129), "Misuse of medications is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined the frequency of, and factors associated with, discrepancies between what doctors prescribe and what patients take in actual practice. Discrepancies among recorded and reported medications were common and involved all classes of medications, including cardiac and prescription drugs. Older age and polypharmacy were the most significant correlates of discrepancy. The pervasiveness of discrepancies can have significant health care implications, and action is urgently needed to address their causes. Such action would likely have a positive impact on patient care." Chronic, nonmalignant pain is often treated with opiate drugs. Due to the addictive nature of opiates, this practice is quite controversial. One study on the problem took place at Seattle's VA Medical Center. It was designed to "create opiate abuse criteria, test inter-rater reliability of the criteria, apply the criteria to a group of chronic pain patients, and correlate the risk of opiate abuse with the results of alcohol and drug testing" (Chabal,

Italy and Greece Essay Example for Free

Italy and Greece Essay Its all fat, but does it make you fat? In this coursework I am going to explain the health implications of eating saturated and hydrogenated fats by investigating individual types of oils and margarines and their affects. My research into different types of fats will explain which fats should be eaten more or less of and the reasons for this. I will also talk about the fats we shouldnt eat, what affects they have on our bodies and why we should avoid eating them. I am then going to form an for and against argument about why hydrogenation in the industry can harm our bodies and then come to a conclusion whether I think we should or shouldnt eat hydrogenated fats. In this part of the task am going to find out and explain what is meant by monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fats/oils. Triglyceride Molecule A triglyceride is a molecule that contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, which is mainly constituted in vegetable oils and animal fats. The chemical formula is RCOO-CH2CH (-OOCR) CH2-OOCR, where R, R, and R are longer alkyl chains. The three fatty acids RCOOH, RCOOH and RCOOH can be all different, all the same, or only two the same. This part of my coursework will explain what is meant by Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated fats or oils. Monounsaturated Fat Monounsaturated fats or (Monounsaturated fatty acids) are fatty acids that only contain one double bond in the chain and the rest of the remaining carbon atoms in the chain are single bonded. Fatty acids are long chained molecules with a methyl group at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other. The fluidity of the fatty acids increases with the increasing number of double bonds. Monounsaturated fats have a higher melting temperature than polyunsaturated fats but lower than saturated fats. Monounsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature and semisolid or solid when refrigerated. Monounsaturated fats are found in natural foods such as nuts and avocados and are the main component of tea seed oil and olive oil (Oleic acid). Macadamia nut oil, grapeseed oil, groundnut oil (peanut oil), sesame oil, corn oil, popcorn, whole grain wheat, cereal, oatmeal, safflower oil, sunflower oil, tea-oil Camellia and avocado oil are also sources of monounsaturated fats. Oleic acid is typical monounsaturated fatty acid which has 18 carbon atoms with the first double bond occurring 9 carbon atoms away from the methyl group. Other typical monounsaturated fatty acids include Palmitoleic acid which has 16 carbon atoms with the first double bond occurring 7 carbon atoms away from the methyl group and 9 carbons from the carboxyl end and Vaccenic acid which has 18 carbon atoms. Oleic Acid Polyunsaturated Fat Polyunsaturated fat or (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) are fatty acids which contain more than one double bond within the molecule. It has two or more points on its structure capable of supporting hydrogen atoms that are currently not part of the structure. Depending on the geometry of the double bond the polyunsaturated fatty acids can assume a cis or trans conformation. They can be divided into two categories Omega 3 fats which can be found in fish, seafood, and lean meat, plant foods such as cereal grains, seeds, nuts, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables, figs and also in plant oils including soybean, canola, linseed and walnut. Oily fish such as mackerel, salmon, trout, tuna, sardines, herring and gemfish contains more omega 3 fatty acids than white fish. Omega 6 fats which is the second category are mostly found in nuts, seeds and plant oils such as corn, soy and safflower. There many benefits of omega fats, some of which are lowering blood cholesterol levels and in doing so reduces risk of coronary heart disease. The melting point of the compound is significantly lower because the strength of the intermolecular forces is reduced due to the lack of hydrogen atoms on the molecules surface. Trans fats solidify at a higher temperature than cis fats making them more similar to saturated fats than cis fats. A typical polyunsaturated fat is Linoeic acid; both of the double bonds in Linoeic acid are cis. Linoeic Acid Saturated Fat Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides that only contain saturated fatty acids radicals. There are several natural occurring saturated fatty acids which differ by the number of carbon atoms; they range from 3 carbons (Propionic Acid) to 36 carbons (Hexatriacontanoic Acid). Chains of saturated fatty acids have no double bonds which makes them fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. Foods containing a high proportion of saturated fats include dairy products especially cream and cheese and also butter and ghee. Others foods also include animal fats such as suet, tallow, lard and fatty meat, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, chocolate and some prepared foods. A typical saturated fatty acid is Stearic acid. Stearic Acid Fats that we should eat more of and why? We should eat more non-saturated fats which are Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated fats, these types of fats and oils have numerous health benefits. It transports fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K throughout the body and also cushions and protects internal organs. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) benefit your heart, metabolism and immune system. Some EFAs are used by the body for structural, hormonal and electrical functions rather than energy. These EFAs increase metabolic rate and increase fat burn off resulting in loss of weight. Fat is a concentrated source of energy. It can also prevent irregular heart beats and reduces inflammation. We should avoid eating Saturated fats as they are bad for health and they clog up arteries causing heart disease and strokes. However health warnings to avoid saturated fat have been misinterpreted which makes people thinks avoid all fat. Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated fats are actually good for you if eaten sensibly. Diets high in saturated fat have been correlated with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Saturated fats increase cholesterol levels in your body which increases the risk of heart disease.

Spin Cycle :: essays research papers

SPIN CYCLE With so many different scandal to his credit and numerous ongoing investigations pending, President Clinton has been bombarded by the media in a fashion not seen since the last days of the Nixon administration. Despite this unwanted attention, Clinton has managed to maintain lofty approval ratings and successfully deflect even the most ardent attacks. How does he do it? This question is answered in full in Spin Cycle, a backroom look at how news is created and packaged in the White House and the methods used to distribute it to the public. In painting a detailed picture of the hand-to-hand combat known as a press conference, Kurtz shows how the use of controlled leaks, meticulously worded briefs, and the outright avoidance of certain questions allows the White House to control the scope and content of the stories that make it to the front page and the nightly network news. As Kurtz makes clear, the president and First Lady are convinced that the media are out to get them, while the journalists covering the White House are constantly frustrated at the stonewalling and the lack of cooperation they encounter while trying to do their jobs. In the middle is the White House press secretary Mike McCurry, a master at defusing volatile situations and walking the fine line with the press. Though less paranoid and cynical of the media than Clinton, he often finds himself on both ends of personal attacks and vendettas that veer far outside the arena of objective reporting. The anecdotes and carefully buried information that Kurtz has uncovered give this book a brisk pace, along with ample invaluable information that cuts to the core of this age of media overkill. Kurtz focuses mainly on White House response to scandal news in 1996 and 1997, and he does not purport to cover most other aspects of the relationship between the president and the press. And within the narrow scope of his research, he had only fragmentary access to important information. For legal and political reasons, white House aides were probably not inclined to volunteer the whole truth. What’s more, the story is still unfolding. Though he adds nothing to what is known about recent happenings in the Oval Office, he does shed light on a subject that remains of considerable importance: the techniques used by the Clinton administration to shape the way it is portrayed in the press. It never seriously takes up the issue that seems to lie at its core.

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars Snow Falling On Cedars, by David Guterson, is an emotional story. The death of a fisherman, Carl Heine, on San Piedro Island, turns into a murder trial for Japanese American, Kabuo Miyamoto. Also an inter-racial childhood romance between Ishmael Chambers and Hatsue Miyamoto shifts back and forth in time and the World War II Japanese Internment story unfolds as part of the romance. David Guterson creates atmosphere in the opening chapters through detailed language. The story is set on a pacific island where society is very small and the fishing community is very important to islanders. Guterson uses the sea, weather and landscape to describe many features in the opening chapters; this creates links between the setting and story. The use of flashbacks creates an interesting aspect to the novel. Guterson introduces the characters in very detailed portraits; this enables the reader to have a clear identity of each one. Tension is created in the courtroom through prejudice language and Guterson creates an atmospheric feeling to all court scenes. Kabuo Miyamoto is described as a criminal from the beginning of the murder trial; already the reader gets the impression that he is guilty for murdering Carl Heine. "†¦.his stillness suggested a disdain for the proceedings", this shows how Kabuo is feeling a dislike towards the trial, and creates a static atmosphere for the trial ahead. Kabuo also shows that he has no respect for the court as, "†¦.he sat proudly upright with a rigid grace", and he does not acknowledge anything that is going on, "†¦did not appear moved at all". Throughout the detailed description of the opening court room scene we can see that the atmosphere is very tense, and creates a feeling of suffocation, "It was a place of gray-hued and bleak simplicity". Kabuo Miyamoto comes across to the reader as a sensitive individual who is taking this murder trial in his stride. David Guterson shows that Kabuo was depressed whilst, "been exhiled in the county jail for seventy seven days - the last part of September, all of October and all of November, the first week in December", here Guterson lengthens the description of how long he was in jail for and creates a sense of boredom for Kabuo. The weather and sea descriptions that Guterson uses to represent and describe many scenes, are essential as they represent the San Piedro way of life.

Loyalty is just a tattoo

Having to realize that not everyone means what they say Is a hard Idea to fathom when you're someone who means everything they say. This past summer I found out my boyfriend had been cheating on me. To me this was the hardest news to swallow, to think the person you trusted with everything, who was your backbone and your shelter In midst of the storm was not only thinking about you and saying, â€Å"l love you† to only you but to someone else as well.Instantly my world turned upside down, I ad to face the reality of the news I had found out. He apologized of course and in the end decided that I was the best choice for him, he wanted to make things work and go forward in our relationship, but how do you begin to trust again? Where do you start? Is he sincere this time? So many questions running through my head so much hurt and pain still. From then on I have guarded my heart like the jewel it is and protected it from anyone's harm. This situation elicited the most change on me because never will I ever love the same.I take my life day by day now, planning a future with someone Is so cliche © too me. Had to realize that forever really is not forever and that relationships are day by day, anything could happen tomorrow. People change every day, they meet new faces all the time I feel as if someone finds a person who fits your spot in there life and who plays the role better will become your replacement and you will become nothing but a memory, to some people what means everything to them today can, become nothing to them tomorrow and that's just how some people are.Reminiscing on the days when I thought people waited till they were 21 to drink. Couples waited until they were married to have sex, people didn't do drugs. I thought you would always end up marrying your soul mate, I thought your friends were your friends and they would never leave your side, that everyone you said â€Å"I love you† too would say it back, and that your love story will e nd up like the movies. It's Just crazy how you grow up with all this love and hope in your heart and then you're thrown into what you think Is a twisted. KC and cold world but It's actually Just life and you Just have to live It. In my head I tell myself I'm still the same person I was a year ago but in all reality I'm not. This situation caused me to become more sensitive and more protective of myself more than anything. Never did I realize that a person could cause so much Inner pain and there was no cure, no David or Misspoken can fix this boo boo, but too face the reality of it all, and over time hoping to get better. My approach is sterner in dealing with certain situations, I feel as if people take me serious that they will knowI'm not the type to mess around with and will not play games. I quickly closed my heart and right now thinking about forever with someone Is Just put on the backbencher for now. Trusting someone has never been so hard until now. You never know what's go ing through the other persons mind and there honest intentions with 1 OFF be more to myself and not trust anybody but God. I Just play the role, and Just make it seem as if I'm okay but deep down inside I'm hurting everyday and I always ask myself what did I do wrong to make him want to cheat? Does he really love me?Does he deserve this second chance? It's eating at me all the time and I Just want the truth but no one seems to know the answer. That to me is what is affecting me the most. That causes me to zone out, get distracted, cry at night, ignore and push away anybody who tries to get to know me. I'm not sure how long will I be hurt or when I will find closure to my situation but it this has had the biggest impact on me this summer. The scariest thing about loyalty is that everyone has their own definition of it. When I thought of my boyfriend I thought he was the most loyal of them all.I thought he would be different from the rest and that he could prove to me that all guys we re not the same. When he said he loved me I believed it, when he said he had my back I believed it, when he said he was loyal to me and only me I believed it but when all these emotions that I thought were so pure turned out to have flaws. I had begun to think maybe he was not lying and that he was exhibiting his own definition of love, compassion and loyalty or maybe he had been hurt before and his heart is guarded ND never realized instead of being the heartbroken became the heartbreak.Then I try to analyze the situation like I do all situations but still till this day I cannot come up to a conclusion as to why†¦ He would do that and maybe I will never know the real reason or never will I know the whole truth but for now I have to face the reality of it and in hopes to move on and be able to love again someday. The reality of it all is that not everybody means what they say, everyone has their own definition of love and that forever does not exist in this love story.

Short, Energizing Inspirational Quotes

Short, Energizing Inspirational Quotes Its true- good things often come in small packages. And short quotes are popular among those looking for inspiration. The reason for this is fairly obvious. Short quotes make a strong impact on listeners. The messages are crisply worded, to the point, and unforgettable. These quotes leave little room for misinterpretation. Why Short Doses of Inspiration Work Like Magic Often you wake up to a not-so-glorious day. Your boss is breathing down your neck, your child is throwing a tantrum, and your mother-in-law annoys you with her valuable advice on parenting yet again. You badly want to run away from this mad world but you cant. So how do you handle the stress? There are many stress-busting solutions, from getting a relaxing massage to listening to a spiritual sermon. But some solutions may be impractical. A quick and easy way  to calm those frayed nerves is to read some inspirational quotes, particularly ones that are short and to the point. These quotes leave a lot of room for interpretation and motivate you to ponder over your actions and thoughts. Write them in a journal, on your calendar, or scribble them on sticky notes and slap them on the fridge- anywhere where their message will imprint on your brain, and turn thought into action. Here are a few from some of our most inspirational voices to help you shift your perspective, think big, and believe in yourself: Henry David Thoreau Its not what you look at that matters, its what you see.   Malcolm Forbes Failure is success if we learn from it.   Simone Weil I can, therefore I am.   Tom Peters If you’re not confused, you’re not paying attention. Lewis Carroll Everything’s got a moral, if only you can find it. George Harrison It’s all in the mind.   Josà © Saramago Chaos is merely order waiting to be deciphered.   Edmund Hillary ​It is not the mountain we conquer but ourselves. Walt Disney If you dream it, you can do it.   Michel de Montaigne ​Ambition is not a vice of little people.   Antoine de Saint-Exupery A goal without a plan is just a wish. John Muir The power of imagination makes us infinite.   Albert Einstein ​Great ideas often receive violent opposition from mediocre minds.   Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ​A clever man commits no minor blunders.   Pablo Picasso ​Everything you can imagine is real.   Marsha Norman Dreams are illustrations from the book your soul is writing about you.   John F. Kennedy ​Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly.   Aristotle Hope is a waking dream.   Eleanor Roosevelt ​You must do the thing you think you cannot do. Dorothy Bernard Courage is fear that has said its prayers.   Oprah Winfrey ​Turn your wounds into wisdom.   Coco Chanel ​The most courageous act is still to think for yourself. Aloud. Ray Bradbury Life is trying things to see if they work.   Robert Frost ​The best way out is always through.   Dolly Parton Find out who you are and do it on purpose. Ralph Waldo Emerson Adopt the pace of nature. Her secret is patience.

buy custom The Nineteenth Century essay

buy custom The Nineteenth Century essay In nineteenth century, capitalism allowed increase in productivity and at the same time triggering social changes. They included the Napoleonic wars which sought to introduce a continental system that would make Europe to be economically self-governing. This would make the blockading power of the Royal Navy to be irrelevant. United Kingdom was well in the industrial revolution hence it resisted the agitation for peace which was called for by continental system calling for mercantile circles agitate for peace. The Napoleonic war encouraged growth of certain industries like the pig iron output that increased its output by three times. Another social change that came out in Britain was the growth of the banking system or finance and credit (Wallace, 1997). The growing importance of UK as the center of capitalism during this time, benefited from great degree where business world of Britain was open to foreigners who were talented. Some of them included Johann Baring from Bremen who becam e a very successful cloth merchant in Exeter. In early nineteenth century, capitalism as financial phenomenon was becoming entangled with new manufacturing methods and in much emphasis on textiles. The textile industries in Britain shifted from relying on cotton from Africa and Asia during U.S. civil war. Capitalism and the idea of making profit were making the world a very small place. The trend of doing business with an aim of making profit continued for a very long time in both Britain and United States. Capitalism has influenced many people and it did not seem to end even with rising tensions between the private who were after making of the huge profits and the public. The capitalism was embraced by many merchants in nineteenth century who were making a lot of investment hence deep rooting the capitalism as the only way of trading in the society. Capitalism was being seen by many as a factor which led to rise in democracy in those countries that practiced capitalism. It was also noted that capitalist states do not make war with one another and there is very little internal violence between them. Democracy that was in many countries like the Britain and United States increased significantly even among its partners. This made democracy to be associated with Capitalism (Thomas, 2008). Capitalism in both United States and Britain took control of the whole trade field that it was not that easy to stop it. Merchants who were practicing capitalism, even under high campaign against it, in those countries to stop it came to succeed. It was not easy to stop capitalism as form of trade in society. This was mainly because; it had gotten very deep into the trade sectors. It is was not easy for merchants to abandon their way of trade which they were used to and which gave them a lot of money, to one that was after the welfare of the society. Many manufacturing industries in both Britain and United States had already been used to manufacture goods for the sake of making profits. This trend continued that way up to now where they are still continuing with the same kind of business for sake of making large profits. Banking sector which was giving out services in finance with the aim of making profit would have been unable to change that policy to provide services for the sake o f peoples benefit. Socialist movements have tried to fight against the capitalism in Britain and United States but this has not been achieved yet up to now. In future, this capitalism will have to change in some of its aspects to allow for change to other factors of economy. Buy custom The Nineteenth Century essay

Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle essays

Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle essays Sir Arthur Conan Doyle held many occupations throughout his life but his most beloved job of them all came from his love of writing. Arthur Doyle wrote many books and enjoyed them all but he was also a knight, soldier, spiritualist, whaler, doctor, optometrist, journalist, and an adventurer. Throughout this essay I will be taking the reader through a brief synopsis of Arthur Doyles astounding life. This essay will go all the way from his youth, to his school days, to his works, religion, beliefs, and everything leading up to his death. Arthur Doyle got interested in books at a very young age. Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on May 22, 1859, in Edinburgh, Scotland, to Charles Altamont Doyle and Mary Doyle. The Doyles were a very prosperous Irish-Catholic family, who found their work in the field of art. Arthurs father, Charles, was a devoted alcoholic who was the only member of the Doyle family to be worthless and never accomplish anything, accepted rearing a very brilliant son. Arthur was a very bright young man at age five he wrote a story to his Great-uncle Michael Conan who was very much impressed with young Arthurs writing capabilities. When Arthur reached the age of nine all the wealthy members of the Doyle family offered to pay for his education. All the way to England, where he attended school now, the poor lad was all teared up because he had to leave the sanctity of his home while he went to the Jesuit boarding school for the next seven years. Arthur hated Jesuit boarding school because of all of the injustice surrounding him and his education. He rebelled against the corporal punishment, which was common and very harsh especially in English schools of that persona. The only happy and joyous moments Arthur Doyle could recall were the regularly sent letters home to his mother, which became a habit that Arthur kept up for the rest of his mothers life. Another thing that made Arthur happy...

An assessment of the leadership and training techniques used in the Essay

An assessment of the leadership and training techniques used in the Royal Air Force and the Commercial Aviation Industry - Essay Example IOT is used to select potential officers. The Commercial airline also uses a rigorous interview process, and the aptitude testing at RAF Cranwell. It is the widely held view that a team will perform better than an individual in the cockpit is. Crew Resource Management (CRM) training in the United States stems from a workshop â€Å"Resource management on the flight deck† sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 2000. This conference was the result of NASA research into causes of air traffic accidents. The findings presented at this conference pointed to human error in the majority of air crashes being because of interpersonal communications, decision-making and leadership. The object of CRM is to ensure that the performance of the team is more important than the performance of the individual in a two pilot cockpit. Effective CRM will ensure that leadership and management skills enable the team to work safely, thereby ensuring the safety of the ai rcraft and reduce aviation accidents so far as is reasonably practicable. CRM can today be seen as the effective utilisation of all available human, informational, and equipment resources toward the goal of safe and efficient flight. It will be necessary to have an understanding of the RAF and Commercial flying training methods and management styles in order to produce a safe and efficient environment. Where humans are used in conjunction with machines, errors are inevitable. There are five types of error to be looked at here: procedural, communication, proficiency, decision making and intentional non-compliance. In order to understand this area, one must be clear about the differences between a manager and a leader. Another topic that needs to be researched is whether leadership can be taught or whether people are born as leaders. Dr Howard Kahn has researched into this area. There are a number of factors, which affect how

Summarise and critically review the RationalEmotive model of Essay

Summarise and critically review the RationalEmotive model of psychological therapy - Essay Example This therapy helps the patients to recognize the difference between the two negative emotions. The Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy was proposed by Albert Ellis in 1955. Albert Ellis belonged to the psychoanalysis branch of psychology, but after noticing that the traditional techniques of helping individuals resolve their negative emotions took too long he developed a significant approach in solving their problems. He named it REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy). This technique can be differentiated from the other psychoanalysis methods due to its unique philosophy that an individual has the power to change and influence their beliefs and philosophy in order to gain mastery over themselves. Using their own thoughts patients following the REBT can radically change their mental health and break loose of traumatic situations. (Mulhauser, 2008) REBT employs the ABC Framework. The "A" stands for the Activating event. The activation event includes the actual event and more importantly the individual's immediate interpretation of it. The same event may trigger different emotions in different people. Some people may react to a death in the family by accepting the event whereas others may retreat into a protective shell avoiding the truth. The "B" stands for Beliefs. The beliefs of an individual are moulded by his experiences and related to their capacity of comprehending the event. Whether one takes a Rational Approach to the event or an Irrational Approach to analyzing the event relies solely on the individual's own beliefs. The last stage recognized in the framework is the Consequences. In the last stage of the framework a person actually reaches an opinion. In this stage he builds either a Healthy Negative Emotion or an Unhealthy Negative Emotion. Keeping the framework in mind a summarized version of events leading to the Consequences is discussed. A negative event occurs (stage A). The person can either have a Rational Approach to analyse the event which would lead to a Healthy Negative Emotion which is not a cause for concern. On the other hand he may take an Irrational Approach to analyse the event which would lead to an Unhealthy Negative Emotion. The main therapeutic technique relies on helping the individual realize that everything, even his emotions and beliefs are under his control. (REBTN, 2006) THE THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO REBT The basic technique applied by psychoanalysts using the REBT technique is the moulding of the client's absolutist philosophies. The main aim is to modify dysfunctional emotions and to help the client recognize the beliefs and attitudes which bring the unwanted states and to change them into positive emotions. The most unique element of this therapeutic technique is that therapy can still take place even after sessions have ended with psychiatrists as this approach helps individuals deal with themselves and accept themselves and their problems. (PsychNet) APPRAISALS OF REBT As mentioned earlier one of the positive aspect of REBT is that it is an effective way of helping out the client even after the sessions are over. Since it bestows the client with self belief he can not only handle the present problem but can face any future challenge as well. It provides an individual with the self control he requires to manage his everyday life and problems. Another reason stated by clients using REBT is that it

Busniss law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Busniss law - Essay Example This accusation is not true and causes Cornell to lose its customers to Stanford. The legal definition of defamation involves false accusation against a person, which has a potential of adversely affecting the victim’s reputation or competitive advantage in trade. In order to establish a case on defamation’s basis, the plaintiff must prove a number of essential elements. First, the plaintiff must have been subjected to a â€Å"defamatory statement† (Beatty and Samuelson, p. 78). The statement must have been false and the defendant must have communicated the statement leading to injury on the plaintiff. Defamation can be either slander or libel (Beatty and Samuelson, p. 78). In the case, Stanford made an advertisement whose claim was defamatory. The claim was false and caused Cornell its customers who went to Stanford’s business, thereby causing financial losses, in revenues and profits, to Cornell. This forms a legal ground for defamation as was held in the case of Bose Corporation v Consumers Union of the United States (Jernings, p. 289). Cornell could therefore sue on grounds of defamation that could be either libel or slander, depending on Sanford’s mode of advertisement. If Stanford used a permanent medium such as an audio recording or a print media, then Cornell could sue for injuries on grounds of libel. An unrecorded oral advertisement could however lead to suit on ground of slander. The case involves Dan, a driver to EZ Delivery Company, who leaves his car in a neutral mode and does not set brakes. The car then rolls while Dan makes delivery and crashes into a petrol station, causing flames of fire. The fire spreads to a close building that collapses, causing injury to Flow. The facts of the case identify negligence that defines a breach of a duty of care by a party to another, leading to injury. This is because a driver owes elements, in his environment, a duty of care and Dan’s

Jewish Marriage Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish Marriage Ceremony - Essay Example The Temple Executive Director handles a broad range of details and logistics. The director is well placed to offer answers to numerous questions in relation to the planning of the wedding ceremony. Further, the temple is also used as a wedding ceremony. Besides the temple, Jewish wedding ceremonies occur in other settings, such as hotels, gardens, and restaurants (Ahabah 4). Before the couples settle for a location outside the synagogue, they are required to consult with the Rabbi to be sure whether it would be suitable for them to travel to that place. According to Jewish customary laws, the Rabbi of the congregation where the wedding ceremony is taking place to officiate at the marriage ceremony. However, at Beth Ahabah, this procedure is a matter of policy (Ahabah 4). The couples are allowed to choose a different Rabbi to officiate for their marriage ceremony even though he is not affiliated with the location congregation. Before the actual marriage ceremony takes place, the bride and groom are required to discuss with the Rabbi many of the details surrounding the ceremony itself. Additionally, most of the families arrange rehearsal ceremonies to practice the recessional, professional, and the placement of people on the Bimah. Typically, a wedding florist, consultant, or photographer conducts the rehearsal. During the rehearsal ceremony, the Rabbi is not expected to attend. The rehearsal ceremonies are normally scheduled with the executive director and if they are held on Fridays, they must be conducted before 6 pm.

Communication Analysis Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Analysis Project - Essay Example I am not a well- off student. I looked well-off because while I was waiting to be admitted to my higher education, I was lucky enough to have a job in a property management company as a secretary. Every vacation I always went to work and went back to my studies when it was over . That opportunity made me to be able to afford most of expensive staff like clothes, my hair styles even the cell phone . When I went to my lectures , I dressed the way that I would going to work. Most of all I didn’t pay for my own tuition, I had a scholarship. It was very hard to walk in to a lecture room after everybody had taken their seats. The richness of how I looked drew a lot of attention. Students cheered , made bad comments while I was blindingly walking to a sit at the back. My heart pounded so heavily and I prayed to God not to fall or collapse before I reached my seat. When finally got to my seat, those I was supposed to be sitting next to moved away. If they didn’t move, they look ed at me as if there was something wrong with me. I wasn’t older than any of them, I was starting to wonder if there was something wrong with me. I made it my habit to have my seat five minutes before lectures. I was always the first person and last person to leave. That was when I met my best friend. In the second term, it became so worse that I didn’t want to answer any questions. One wrong thing I said they made sure that it haunted me. I loved my studies and I was passionate about them but the thought of waking up in the morning was tough. Retaining my composure helped me a lot .I told myself that they were going to get over it in no

Jewish Marriage Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish Marriage Ceremony - Essay Example The Temple Executive Director handles a broad range of details and logistics. The director is well placed to offer answers to numerous questions in relation to the planning of the wedding ceremony. Further, the temple is also used as a wedding ceremony. Besides the temple, Jewish wedding ceremonies occur in other settings, such as hotels, gardens, and restaurants (Ahabah 4). Before the couples settle for a location outside the synagogue, they are required to consult with the Rabbi to be sure whether it would be suitable for them to travel to that place. According to Jewish customary laws, the Rabbi of the congregation where the wedding ceremony is taking place to officiate at the marriage ceremony. However, at Beth Ahabah, this procedure is a matter of policy (Ahabah 4). The couples are allowed to choose a different Rabbi to officiate for their marriage ceremony even though he is not affiliated with the location congregation. Before the actual marriage ceremony takes place, the bride and groom are required to discuss with the Rabbi many of the details surrounding the ceremony itself. Additionally, most of the families arrange rehearsal ceremonies to practice the recessional, professional, and the placement of people on the Bimah. Typically, a wedding florist, consultant, or photographer conducts the rehearsal. During the rehearsal ceremony, the Rabbi is not expected to attend. The rehearsal ceremonies are normally scheduled with the executive director and if they are held on Fridays, they must be conducted before 6 pm.

Step 1 of 4 Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Step 1 of 4 Paper - Essay Example How information flows from level to level in a company is also determined by the organizational structure. Decisions flow from top to down in a centralized structure while in a decentralized structure, making decisions is done at various different levels (Wailgum, 2007).Decentralized decision making should be preferred by managers because it gives the opportunity to the employees to participate in decision-making. This makes them have a sense of ownership of the company and, therefore, give their best. Companies can streamline their operations if they establish a hierarchical structure whose chain of command is clear. The organizational leadership structure should be able to provide direct supervision and regular feedback from employees (Lu, 2014). Corporate decision making allows all stakeholders be involved in decision making and their contributions valued. Autocratic leadership makes managers the sole decision makers and deters innovativeness as the creative employees do not get a room of implementing or sharing their ideas. Therefore, participative leadership which boosts the morale of employees because their contribution to the decision-making process is appreciated should be adopted by company heads. The success of any business is determined by the innovativeness of the company. Through innovation, companies bring into the market new products and services. Innovative methods assist companies reduce costs of operation and enhance customer satisfaction through quality improvement. Innovativeness can only be realized if creative employees are given room to share and implement their ideas. Leadership style used should support creativity and innovativeness among the employees to enhance the performance of their companies. Gilmore (2014) observes that the state of the art technology and network design has enabled Wal-Mart to track and predict inventory levels, manage customer service response logistics and relationships, develop more efficient

Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol Essay A Christmas Carol focuses on a very mean character called Ebenezer Scrooge, who unnaturally receives a chance to make amends for his actions towards his clients. Life in Britain in the 1800s was very dark and gloomy, also its population was increasing rapidly. At this time and age, Britains industrial revolution was in full flow, thus making Britains population explode. Charles dickens had uncountable financial problems and was in in huge dept. In addition to this, in the fall of 1843 dickens and his wife were expecting their fifth child. Supporting his large family was difficult for Dickens. Requests for money from his family and a large mortgage had left Dickens seriously short of cash. In a way Dickens most cherished and most read books was created as a result of his own desperate need of money. Charles Dickens routinely walked the city streets, 10 or 20 miles at a time, observing the life. The descriptions in his writing seem like an exact replica of what he observed and experienced during these times. Evidence of this shown in the text. Descriptions such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, may show how Charles Dickens might have behaved when he had his desperate money problems. In this essay, I will be discussing the development of Ebenezer Scrooges character in Christmas Carol whilst going through each stave. Stave 1 clearly introduces Scrooges character to the reader. At the beginning of the stave, the first description we see is where it says: The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the mourner. Scrooge signed it. From this text the reader can already comprehend that scrooge is a man who only takes credit for himself and that he despises spending money on other people. Another description presented by the text tells the reader that there is something about Scrooges life style that makes him very unpopular with the locals. Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks My dear Scrooge how are you This makes it crystal clear that scrooge is obviously not a nice person, thus making the locals shun his presence. Scrooges cold and cruel actions to people result in Marleys Ghost appearing in Scrooges home. The ghost warns Scrooge that if he does not change his way of life, he will end up loosing everything and becoming just like Marley, who is dead and bound up in chains. In the second section or stave 2 of the novel, even though Marleys ghost had gone, its presence was having an effect on Scrooge. Marleys ghost bothered him extremely Since no one has ever been close to changing Scrooges personality, this text shows a slight alteration in Scrooges character. In this stave, Scrooge is visited by another ghost who says to represent Christmas past. This ghost shows Scrooge his early life and how much he has changed. After Scrooge has witnessed his passed life and actions, Scrooge is moved with regret. I wish Just these two words are very significant as they show a huge positive development in Scrooges character, which suggests that Scrooge is willing and hoping to change his cruel ways, and diminish descriptions of himself such as: To see a heightened and excited face would have been a surprise Scrooges life is full of negative descriptions like this and he wished to make amends for his past actions. Scrooge then says something to the ghost that is very, very unusual: There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night, I would like to give him something. This is probably the first time that Scrooge has ever shown any affection for anyone, which shows that the presence of the ghosts are developing Scrooges character in a divine way. In stave 3 of the novel Scrooge is visited by yet another ghost who says to represent Christmas present. This ghost shows Scrooge how other families, such as the clerks and the Cratchits. Scrooge sees that even though the Cratchits are very poor, they can have a high quality of life and be happy at Christmas. Earlier on in the novel Scrooge says a cold blooded thing concerning one of the Cratchits son called Tiny Tim who looks very frail and scrawny and much too vulnerable to the hands of death: If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Scrooges cold heart was so uncaring, that he thought that the death of a person was a benefit or an advantage to people. However, when the ghost showed Scrooge this family, his reminiscence of his past sayings had a different effect on him: Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the spirit and was overcome with penitence and grief. Now that Scrooge has viewed that people can be happy without a lot of money, his former way of thinking has now disgusted him. Scrooge has now probably for the first time accepted that his way of life is detestable and needs to be changed: All the things that ghost has shown him came upon his mind. He softened If he would have listened he might have cultivated the kindness of life. This shows a further development of Scrooges character as his hard headedness had been softened and also, he now desires to have a personal quality of kindness. In stave 4 of the novel Scrooge is visited by the last of the three ghosts who represents Christmas future. In this stave scrooge is shown a group of people who are discussing a very unpopular mans death. Scrooge is puzzled by the conversation of the group until the ghost silently exposes the secret when he shows Scrooge a gravestone with his own name on it. The description of the ghost in the beginning of the stave definitely offers a hint that Scrooges future will be cold and dark just as his past life: Shrouded in a deep black garment It seemed to scatter gloom and mystery These phrases are fitting descriptions of a ghost that will bring news that is associated with death. The tone of this stave is also set with words such as; Shadow and dark room. These words give further evidence that a death orientated future awaits Scrooge. Scrooge is horrified when he sees his own gravestone, but to further upset him, he sees that his death is un-watched, un-wept and un-cared for. the phrase neglected grave shows that no one cared if Scrooge died because of the extent of the his cold-hearted actions towards people. This event made Scrooge release all of his emotions. I hope to live to be another man His future death makes Scrooge resolve to change his way of cold way of life into a much more kind, new man. Stave 5 shows the finale of Ebenezer Scrooges development of character. In this stave Scrooge is shown to be a completely different man. For example, instead of sacking one of his employees for being late, he raises his salary another example is that the story says that Scrooge became like a second father to Tiny Tim. In this stave there is also evidence that points to the outcome of the story as the mood of the novel suddenly changes from a dark and gloomy mood to a more happy mood. Words such as Bright and Golden sunlight show that something marvellous and positive is going to happen to Scrooge and his character. These hints are fulfilled when the text says: Glowing with good intentions Obviously from this, the reader can see that Scrooge is a changed man, and is exploding with good deeds and emotions, and instead of planning to do evil he is planning to do something obliging. Language devises such as similes are also used to show Scrooges development in character: As happy as an angel This simile is used to further emphasize the alteration in Scrooges personality. Since Angels are portrayed to be perfect heavenly creatures it is obvious to the reader that Scrooge has made some miraculous changes from being a cold hearted, uncaring and evil man into a loving, kind and angelic new man. In my personal opinion, I believe that the presence of the ghosts were like stepping stones to the development of Scrooges character. It seemed to me that the lessons taught by the ghosts became more and more severe as Scrooges mind gradually softens.

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration. It usually represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and adhering to it, but it may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of adulteration. There is a considerable difference varies within narrow limits in the case of the same individual drug. Hence an ash determination furnishes a basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug and gives information relative to its adulteration with inorganic matter. Ash standards have been established for a number of official drugs. Usually these standards get a maximum limit on the total ash or on the acid insoluble ash permitted. The total ash is the residue remaining after incineration. The acid insoluble ash is the part of the total ash which is insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid. The ash or residue yielded by an organic chemical compound is as a rule, a measure of the amount of inorganic matters present as impurity. In most cases, the inorganic matter is present in small amounts which are difficult to remove in the purification process and which are not objectionable if only traces are present. Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of the crude drugs in powder form. Procedures given in Indian pharmacopoeia were used to determine the different ash values such as total ash and acid insoluble ash. Total ash Weighed accurately about 3 gm of air dried powdered drug was taken in a tarred silica crucible and incinerated by gradually increasing the temperature to make it dull red until free from carbon cooled and weighted and then calculated the percentage of total ash with reference to the air dried drug. Acid insoluble ash The ash obtained as directed under total ash above was boiled with 25 ml of 2N HCl for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water ignited and weighed, then calculated the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug. Water soluble ash The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ËÅ ¡C. The weight of insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of total ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash calculated with reference to the air dried drug. b. EXTRACTIVE VALUES Extractive values of crude drugs are useful for their evaluation, especially when the constituents of a drug cannot be readily estimated by any other means. Further, these values indicate the nature of the constituents present in a crude drug. Determination of alcohol soluble extractive value 5 gm of the air-dried coarse powder of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was macerated with 100 ml of 90% ethanol in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allowing standing for 18hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against the loss of the solvent. Out of that filtrate, 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of ethanol soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to the air- dried drug. The results are recorded in the table. Determination of water soluble extractive value Weigh accurately 5 gm of coarsely powdered drug and macerate it with 100 ml of chloroform water in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allow to standing for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. Then 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. The results are given in the table. c. LOSS ON DRYING Loss on drying is the loss in weight in percentage w/w determined by means of the procedure given below. It determines the amount of volatile matter of any kind (including water) that can be driven off under the condition specified (Desiccators or hot air oven). If the sample is in the form of large crystals, then reduce the size by quick crushing to a powder. Procedure About 1.5 gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately in a tarred porcelain dish which was previously dried at 105ËÅ ¡C in hot air oven to constant weight and then weighed. From the difference in weight, the percentage loss of drying with reference to the air dried substance was calculated. d. FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS [Kokate.C.K, 2002; Khandelwal KR 1996]. In the near-ultra region of the spectrum (3000-4000AËÅ ¡) some of the phytoconstituents show more or less brilliant coloration when exposed to radiation. This phenomenon of emitting visible wavelengths as a result of being excited by radiation of a different wavelength is known as fluorescence. Sometimes the amount of ultra-violet light normally present with visible light is sufficient to produce the fluorescence, but often a more powerful source of ultra-violet is necessary, e.g. mercury vapour lamp. It is often possible to make use of this phenomenon for the qualitative examination of herbal drugs. A fluorescence characteristic of the powdered leaves of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was observed in daylight and UV light. Also the fluorescent study was performed on treating the drug powder with different chemical reagents. The observed results are given in table. e. FOAMING INDEX: [Divakar M.C., 1996] Foaming index is mainly performed to determine the saponin content in an aqueous decoction of plant material. Determination of foaming index: Weighed accurately about 1g of coarsely powdered drug and transformed to 500ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Maintained at moderate boiling at 80-90ËÅ ¡c for about 30min. Cooled and added sufficient water through the filter to make up the volume to 100ml (V1). Cleaned 10 stoppered test tube of uniform dimension were taken and transferred the successive portions of 1,2,3ml up to 10ml and adjusted the volume of the liquid in each test tube with water to 10ml.Stoppered the tubes and shaken them in a lengthwise motion for 15 sec uniformly and allowed to stand for 15min and measure the height of foam. If the height of the foam in every tube is less than 1cm, the foaming index is less than 100(not significant). Here the foam was more than 1cm height after dilution of plant material. If the height of the foam in every tube is more than 1cm, the foaming index is more than 1000. In this case, 10ml of first decoction of plant material is measured and transferred to 100m l volumetric flask (V2) and volume is made to 100ml and followed the same procedure. 5.1. 2. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Extraction of plant material:- Petroleum ether extraction:- About 400gm of dry coarse leaf powder of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was extracted with petroleum ether 2500ml (40-600c) for 18 hrs by continuous hot percolation method. It was allowed to cool to 40oC and then filtered using whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was then concentrated in a rotary evaporator and the extract stored at 4 °C until required. The extract yield (% w/w) from the plant material was recorded. Methanolic extraction:- About 400g of air dried coarse powdered material was taken in 1000ml soxhlet apparatus and soaked with petroleum ether for 2 days. At the end of second day the powder was taken out and it was dried. After drying it was again packed and extracted by using methanol (Changshu yangyuan chemicals, China) as solvent, till colour disappeared. The temperature was maintained at 55 °C-65 °C. After that extract was concentrated by distillation and solvent was recovered. The final solution was evaporated to dryness. The colour, consistency and yield (% w/w) of methanolic extract were noted. S.No. Name of extract Colour Consistency Yield% W/W 1 2 Methanolic extract Petroleum ether extract Blackish brown Blackish green Non Sticky mass sticky oily mass 16.75 1.60Table: 1. Nature and colour of extract of Anogeissu latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC). 5.1. 3 CHEMICAL TESTS: A) Test for carbohydrates 1. Molisch Test: It consists of treating the compounds of a-naphthol and concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. Purple colour or reddish violet colour was produced at the junction between two liquids. (Kokate, C.K et al, 2000) 2. Fehlings Test: Equal quantity of Fehlings solution A and B is added. Heat gently, brick red precipitate is obtained. 3. Benedicts test: To the 5ml of Benedicts reagent, add 8 drops of solution under examination. Mix well, boiling the mixture vigorously for two minutes and then cool. Red precipitate is obtained. 4. Barfoeds test: To the 5ml of the Barfoeds solution add 0.5ml of solution under examination, heat to boiling, formation of red precipitate of copper oxide is obtained. B) Test for Alkaloids 1. Dragendroffs Test: To the extract, add 1ml of Dragendroffs reagent Orange red precipitate is produced. 2. Wagners test: To the extract add Wagner reagent. Reddish brown precipitate is produced. 3. Mayers Test: To the extract add 1ml or 2ml of Mayers reagent. Dull white precipitate is produced. 4. Hagers Test: To the extract add 3ml of Hagers reagent yellow Precipitate is produced. C) Test for Steroids and Sterols 1. Liebermann Burchard test: Dissolve the test sample in 2ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. Now add 10 drops of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. The solution becomes red, then blue and finally bluish green in colour. 2. Salkowski test: Dissolve the sample of test solution in chloroform and add equal volume of conc. sulphuric acid. Bluish red cherry red and purple color is noted in chloroform layer, whereas acid assumes marked green fluorescence. D) Test for Glycosides 1. Legals test: Sample is dissolved in pyridine; sodium nitropruside solution is added to it and made alkaline. Pink red colour is produced. 2. Baljet test: To the drug sample, sodium picrate solution is added. Yellow to orange colour is produced. 3. Borntrager test: Add a few ml of dilute sulphuric acid to the test solution. Boil, filter and extract the filtrate with ether or chloroform. Then organic layer is separated to which ammonia is added, pink, red or violet colour is produced in organic layer. 4. Killer Killani test: Sample is dissolved in acetic acid containing trace of ferric chloride and transferred to the surface of concentrated sulphuric acid. At the junction of liquid reddish brown color is produced which gradually becomes blue. E) Test for Saponins Foam test: About 1ml of alcoholic sample is diluted separately with distilled water to 20ml, and shaken in graduated cylinder for 15 minutes.1 cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins. F) Test for Flavonoids Shinoda test: To the sample, magnesium turnings and then concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. Red colour is produced. G) Test for Tri-terpenoids In the test tube, 2 or 3 granules of tin was added, and dissolved in a 2ml of thionyl chloride solution and test solution is added. Pink colour is produced which indicates the presence of triterpenoids. H) Tests for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds: To 2-3 ml of extract, add few drops of following reagents: a). 5% FeCl3 solution: deep blue-black color. b). Lead acetate solution: white precipitate. c). Gelatin solution: white precipitate d). Bromine water: decolouration of bromine water. e). Acetic acid solution: red color solution f). Dilute iodine solution: transient red color. g). Dilute HNO3: reddish to yellow color. I) Test for Fixed Oils and Fatty acids a). Spot test: Small quantity of the extract is placed between two filter papers. Oil stain produced with any extract shows the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. b). Saponification test: Few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide are added to the extract with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. Later the mixture is heated on water bath for 1-2 hours soap formation indicates the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. J) Test for Gums and Mucilage: a). Ruthenium red test: Small quantities of extract are diluted with water and added with ruthenium red solution. A pink colour production shows the presence of gums and mucilage. K) Test for Proteins and Amino acids Biuret test: Add 1 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate to the extract, a violet colour indicates the presence of proteins. Ninhydrin test: Add 2 drops of freshly prepared 0.2% Ninhydrin reagent to the extract and heat. A blue colour develops indicating the presence of proteins, peptides or amino acids. Xanthoprotein test: To the extract, add 20% of sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Orange colour indicates presence of aromatic amino acid. 5.1. 4.TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Determination LD50 value of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex.DC).wall.Gullperr Acute Oral Toxicity Study The procedure was followed by using OECD guidelines 423 (Acute toxic class method) Animals: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedure: Twelve animals (Wister Albino rats, 150-200gm) were selected for studies. The acute toxic class method is a step wise procedure with 3 animals of single sex per step. Depending on the mortality and / or moribund status of the animals, on average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on the acute toxicity of the test animals while allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion. The method uses defined doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg / kg body weight) and the results allow a substance to be ranked and classified according to the Globally Harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of chemical which cause acute toxicity. Most of the crude extracts possess LD50 value more than 2000 mg. /kg of the body weight of animal used. Dose volume was administered 0.1 ml / 100 gm body weight to the animal by orally after giving the dose the toxic signs were observed within 3-4 hours. Body weight of animals before and after administration, onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity like changes in skin and fur, eyes, and mucous membrane and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems and somatomotor activity and behavior pattern, signs of tremors, convulsion, salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma was also to be noted, if any , was observed. Observation No toxicity or death was observed for these given dose levels, in selected and treated animals. So the LD 50 of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC), as per OECD guidelines-423 is greater than 2000mg/kg (LD50 > 2000mg/kg). Hence, the biological dose was fixed at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg of body weight for the extract. PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION 5.2.1 Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity:- Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. 5.2.2 Experimental procedure Ethanol induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with absolute ethanol [5ml/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) Aspirin induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with aspirin [200 mg/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.3 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS:- The stomach was carefully excised keeping oesophagus closed and opened along greater curvature and luminal contents were removed. The gastric contents were collected in a test tube and centrifuged. The gastric contents were analyzed for gastric juice volume, pH, free and total acidity. 5.2.4 Measurement of gastric juice volume and pH:- Gastric juice was collected from ethanol induced ulcer rats. The gastric juice thus collected was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The volume of supernatant was measured and expressed as ml/100g body weight. The pH of the supernatant was measured using digital pH meter. (Canmon DC. et al., 1969, Kannappan et al., 2008, Patil K.S. et al., 2008, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.5 Determination of free and total acidity:- An aliquot of 1.0 ml of gastric juice was pipette out in to a 50 ml conical flask and 2/3 drops of Topfers reagent was added to it and titrated with 0.01N NaOH until all traces of the red colour disappeared and the colour of the solution turned yellowish orange. The volume of 0.01N NaOH was noted which corresponds to free acidity. Then 2/3 drops of phenolphthalein was added and titration was continued until a permanent pink colour was developed. The volume of total alkali consumed was noted which corresponds to total acidity. The free acidity and total acidity was determined using the formula and values are expressed as mEq/l 100g. (Kannappanetal. 2008, Rajkapoor et al., 2002). Acidity = Volume of NaOH X Normality of NaOH X 100 (mEq/L per 100g) 0.01 5.2.6 Ulcer index (UI):- The mucosa was flushed with saline and stomach was pinned on frog board. The lesion in glandular portion was examined under a 10x magnifying glass and length was measured using a divider and scale and gastric ulcer was scored. Ulcer index of each animal was calculated by adding the values and their mean values were determined. (Malairajan et al., 2007) 0 Normal coloured stomach 0.5 Red colouration 1 Spot ulceration 1.5 Haemorrhagic streak 2 ulcers 3 Perforations 5.2.7 Percentage inhibition: Percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula. (Malairajan et al., 2007) UI ulcer control UI ulcer treated % inhibition = X 100 UI ulcer control 5.2. 8. Statistical Analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.3. EVALUATION OF DIURETIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Experimental procedure The method of (Lipchitz et.al., 1943) was employed for the evaluation of diuretic activity. The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received Normal saline (25mg/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received Furosemide (20mg/kg, p.o) as standard. The animals were fasted and deprived of food and water for 18hour prior to the experiment. On the day of experiment, the group I animals serving as control, received normal saline (25ml/kg,p.o), the group II animals received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) leaves (400mg/kg,p.o) and group III animals also received methanolic extract (600mg/kg,p.o), the group IV animals received Furosemide (20mg/kg,p.o), respectively, in normal saline. Immediately after the administration the animals were kept in metabolic cages (three per cage) specially designed to separate urine and fecal matter and kept at room temperature of 25  ± 0.5 ° C throughout the experiment. The total volume of urine was collected at the end of 5hrs after dosing. During this period no water and food was made available to the animals. The parameters taken for individual rat were body weight before and after test period, total concentration of Na+ , K+ and Cl ­- in the urine. The Na+ and K+ were measured by flame photometry and Cl ­- concentration was estimated by titration with silver nitrate (N/50) using three drop of 5% potassium chromate solution as indicator .the results are reported as mean  ±SD, the test of significance (P 5.3.1. Statistical analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.4 EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedures: Eddys hot plate method: The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received 1% CMC (3ml/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as standard Analgesic activity was performed by using Eddys hot plate (Inco, India) maintained at a temperature of 55 ±1 °c. The basal reaction time of all animals towards thermal heat was recorded. The animals which showed forepaw licking or jumping response within 6-8 seconds were selected for the study. Male Albino rats were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were fasted overnight during the experiment free access to water. Group first received 1 % CMC (3ml/kg, p.o).Group second, third and fourth received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex DC.) wall. Gull perr leaves of dose 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg, orally as a suspension in 1%CMC solution respectively Group five received Pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as reference drug . 60 mins after the administration of test and reference compounds, the animals in all the six groups were individually exposed to the plate maintained at 55 °c and observations were recorded for 3 hours. The time taken in seconds for fore paw licking or jumping was taken as reaction time. A cut off period of 15 seconds is observed to avoid damage to the paws. The percentage protection was calculated using the formula, Percentage protection = (T/C-1) ÃÆ'-100 where, T is the reaction time of treated group and C the reaction time of control group.

A Man Called Horse Character Analysis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy Johnson in â€Å"A Man Called Horse† writes about a young man who was born and raised in Boston. He lives in a gracious home under his grandmothers and grandfather’s loving care. For some reason, he is discontent. He leaves home to try to find out the reason for his discontent. Upon leaving he undergoes a change in status and opinion of himself and others. He begins a wealthy young man arrogant and spoiled, becomes a captive of Crow Indians- docile and humble, and emerges a man equal to all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young man begins the story wealthy and spoiled. Johnson in the opening paragraphs suggest that the protagonist is just a wealthy and spoiled young man. He is just in search for a new life, â€Å"...he still brooded about his status in the world, longing for his equals.† So he decided to travel out West in search for these equals. Even though his â€Å"...father had raged and his grandmother had cried...†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon leaving Boston, the young man’s status and attitude change drastically. He becomes a captive of Crow Indians who treat him badly. He becomes property of a â€Å"...scrawny, shrieking, eternally busy old woman with ragged graying hair..† He must gain her trust to earn more freedom around the camp and such. During this time he was â€Å"...finding out what loneliness could be.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He earns a future, and in his final stage of transformation becomes a man equal to all. This happens after he marries Pretty Calf and understands their customs and traditions. The captive was like a horse all summer, â€Å"...docile bearer of burdens, careful and patient..† Until he earned trust that is.

The History and Impact of the Printing Press Essay -- Technology

Everyday people read newspapers and books, but where did printing begin? The movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made this all possible. Johannes first conceived of this idea of the printing press in the 15th century in order to speed up the slow process of producing books (Bantwal). The movable type printing press, the first real technology of its kind, helped to solve problems, but in turn also caused problems. This technology did influence many areas of life in its lifespan. This includes challenging the church and poisoning people with the increased toxins from mass products of materials. Depending on one’s point of view, this invention could be the best or worst thing to happen during the 15th century. Regardless of that, the printing press’s influence was widespread and therefore, was a great invention for the machine’s time. Despite the negative repercussions of Gutenberg’s movable printing press, the machine is a positive technology. Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in the year 1452. Four other technologies that were more or less common to different parts of the world, made the printing press possible. The first technology was a wine/olive in the screw-press, which areas of Asia and Europe used to obtain oils and create wines. The second invention was block-print technology that Marco Polo originally brought to Europe. A third technology is oil-based ink that was invented in the eleven hundreds. Since this ink smears on vellum, printing did not use this ink. Vellum was costly, but durable so books that took awhile to make utilized this material. Finally, the fourth material was paper, which many process make different forms of all over the globe (Bantwal). Gutenberg used these old technologies ... ...to thank. Everyone should know the origins of many of the technologies in the world and many of those do lead straight back to the printing press. Without this invention, the world would have stayed in the dark ages for generations. People, as a species would not be anywhere close to what we have achieved. Works Cited Bantwal, Natasha. "History of the Printing Pres." Buzzle.com: Intelligent Life on the Web. Buzzle.com. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Beach, Justin. "Pros of the Printing Press." EHow. Demand Media, 08 Apr. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Jensen, Carolyn. "Jensen Review." Rev. of The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Lore. San Diego State University. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. "Printing Press." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Ross, Tiffany. "Negative Effects of the Printing Press." EHow. Demand Media, 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.

Let Bygones be Bygones Essay

A time in my life that I will always have memories of is being sent to J.J.A.E.P, which stands for Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program in the 8th grade. The reason I was emitted to alternative school was because I brought a container of painkillers to school. I will not go into much detail about my time in J.J.A.E.P but it was a time that I wouldn’t want to relive. It was a moment in my life that I wanted to forget about completely and just move along. This right here is a good example of me siding with the saying â€Å" Let bygones be bygones†. What this quote means in todays society is that let the unpleasant events that took place in your past be forgotten. The Saying â€Å"Let bygones be bygones† dates way back in the 15th century when Shakespeare used the word â€Å"bygone† which simply meant ‘a thing that has gone by’, in his play called â€Å"The Winters Tale,† 1611: â€Å"This satisfaction, The by-gone-day proclaymâ €™d, say this to him.† As the years blew past the word â€Å"bygone† became more to be known as events that took place in the past specifically events that people don’t favor to remember. Disregarding the moments in your life that seem to be unpleasant to you or someone can be good because it wont haunt you at the most vulnerable moments in your life but at the same time its not good to just let bygones be bygones as they say because how is someone ever going to learn from their mistakes? So I believe that this quote can be debated and turned into something more like â€Å"Always remember the rough times.† The reason I choose to flip the quote the way I did is because all of the things I have done to be unsatisfying to others, myself, or even just being flat out wrong, I learned from those things and it has taught me to better myself as a person and as well as to better the things I do with my with my life. One example I can think of is when I got my first speeding ticket. Now I know that no one would be pleased to get a speeding ticket and when I got mine I was stunned. At the time of receiving my ticket I was hoping that this would be the only time id ever have to experience this. The only way I would avoid getting in the situation again is if id learn from my mistake and that is exactly what I did. I will always remember this tough moment in my life instead of going with the quote â€Å"let bygones be bygones.† If I would have just forgotten about my ticket and go on with my daily routine I could of have much worst consequences coming my  way. Everybody has those rough times in their life at one time or another either it be something big like getting bullied in school or something smaller like stubbing your big toe on a piece of furniture. This shows that there is certain scenarios where a person should remember the rough times and let bygones be bygones. There are a few examples I can think of that siding with the quote â€Å"let bygones be bygones† would be necessary and also remembering the rough times is more than okay in most scenarios depending on the person and their feelings about certain things. Some scenarios that I can list that letting bygones be bygones is okay in my opinion is getting in a fight with your friend or significant other is okay to forget about because there will always be times when you’ll get into an argument with others but over time the heated argument will be forgotten. A time where I think, â€Å"remembering the rough times† is most significant is when you or someone else has been through a struggle. For example getting arrested, failing in school, or even being in a house fire. These particular moments that someone goes through will more than likely always be remembered by that person. I believe that these two quotes â€Å"let bygones be bygones† and â€Å"always remembering the rough times† are both good and relevant quotes that people should live by. If it’s letting go of an incident that you weren’t proud of or just being wrong these quotes whichever one it might be are both meaningful and should always be remembered.

Is Playing Computer Games Really That Bad for You Essay

Anyone who has really been into video games has experienced this. Kids and adults alike think about getting home and playing games. They also spend a great deal of time reading gaming magazines, participating in online gaming forums, looking for future game releases, and of course, spending countless hours playing games. When they aren’t doing any of these things, they’re wishing they were. 2. Video Games Can Be Expensive It cost a lot of money to stay current with the latest video games and hardware (console and/or computer). Many gamers spend all of their money on gaming. For example, it’s not uncommon for a gamer to have 50-100 games that cost $40-$50 each. They also often have at least 2 different game consoles and 1 high-end PC. This can easily add up to thousands of dollars a year to maintain a typical gamer’s habits. 3. Video Games Can Hurt Relationships There’s often a direct correlation with the amount of time spent playing video games, and the amount of time spent engaging in a quality relationship. In the most extreme example I could find, there was a couple that was so consumed with playing video games that they ended up neglecting their 3 children — to the point that they were malnourished, naked, and covered in their own feces. Although that’s an extreme case, I still think there’s something to be said about people who spend the majority of their free time playing video games. My guess is that they’re probably not dating or pursuing a meaningful relationship in their free time. Update: A reader brought to my attention an online group dedicated to loved ones who have been affected by their partner’s addiction to World of WarCraft (WoW). Their description includes the following Do you have a loved one that plays World of Warcraft so much that you feel like you are a widow? This group isn’t just for wives, but for anyone, husbands, girl or boyfriends, mothers, fathers, sons or daughters, or anyone that has had a relationship effected by this addictive game. 4. Video Games Can Be Distracting Avid gamers are similar to people who smoke a lot of marijuana — in that they don’t get much done. Reading a good book, taking care of bills, writing an article, inventing something, mowing the lawn, etc†¦ are simply not a priority when it comes to getting to the next level or finishing a game. Many gamers have things they would like to do in life, but they never get around to it, because they spend so much of their time playing games. Then, when they do have time to work on one of their projects, they’re too tired to do it, because they stayed up till 3am playing a game. 5. Video Games Can Rob You Of Real Life Experiences Instead of taking a trip, mountain biking, or hanging out with friends at a cafe, gamer’s spend their time in a virtual reality. Whereas real life experiences bear long lasting friendships and memories, videos games do not. The only pictures that come from video games are screenshots, and the memories that are created from playing those games are ultimately meaningless. Living means interacting, growing, learning, teaching, and loving — none of which can be accomplished in the virtual wasteland of video games. †  The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Physician-Assisted Suicide for Alzheimer Patients Article

Physician-Assisted Suicide for Alzheimer Patients - Article Example There are alternatives to physician-assisted suicide for Alzheimer patients and dementia victims. One of them is palliative care. However, some opinion polls indicate support for PAS when it is administered only as a relief for a dying patient under extreme pain. Besides, Americans prefer an alternative such as ensuring control of pain and offering compassionate care for such Alzheimer patients, not helping them to die (Rhymes et al). Moreover, this preference is firmer among the patients of Alzheimer. A past study found out that numerous patients under pain preferred palliative care to PAS more than the public who also support palliative care. Masses still prefer pain relief and palliative care more than euthanasia or PAS though the latter method is not as popular as the PAS. This is because PAS underplays proper pain management practices. This therefore disputes Jack Kevorkian’s suicide assisted demise (Knickerbocker, 2011). Secondly, hospice care is yet another option for patients with Alzheimer ailment. This is a method that has increasingly been seen as an end of life choice for individuals with this deadly disease. Furthermore, this alternative applies activities such as pet therapy which offers reassurance and compassionate care for them. Additionally, the patients can be read to or listen to music, which is believed to elicit long forgotten emotion, regardless of the fact that they may not be apt to communicate effectively. However, some aspects of hospice care may seem not to effectively help patients with serious dementia (Rhymes et al). For instance, counseling at the end of life may not be effectual for those patients with communication drawbacks. Thirdly, patients with Alzheimer disease may make a decision to undergo pain control procedures disputed to the renowned PAS that Jack Kevorkian endorses as the best method of helping Alzheimer patients. Besides, pain is underrated and difficult to reduce in Alzheimer patients under dementia. Therefore, pain control aims at; at least reducing the pain than terminating it through PAS.

Managing International Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing International Operations - Essay Example The Six Markets Model is beyond the basic marketing of a product/service. It, in a way, markets the entire organisation as well as the industry rather than marketing merely the product/service. The Six Markets Model aims at categorising the markets to manage the business relationships. Figure 1 briefly explains the categorisation of the markets. Managing relationship is the key ingredient of a successful business. The survival and growth of any business is mainly dependent on the relationship it maintains with its customers, employees, collaborators and competitors. The Six Markets Model, especially the customer market, internal market and recruitment market would make a huge impact on the internal candidates and the global customers as they would assist the organisation in analysing and improving its relationship with them. The customer service model adopted by the organisation determines the strength of the relation the organisation would have with its customers. A customer service model consisting of the following features would be necessary to bridge the gap between the services provided and the services expected by the customer: Getting into the shoe of the customer: The organisation w... Recruitment Markets Designing a method to appropriately select, motivate and train employees Supplier Markets Managing relationships with suppliers and distributors Influence Markets Managing influential sub-markets such as the government regulators, stockholders, venture capitalists and so on Referral Markets Organisation's ability to attract new customers on the basis of referrals given by existing customers (http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.phpid=210431) Managing relationship is the key ingredient of a successful business. The survival and growth of any business is mainly dependent on the relationship it maintains with its customers, employees, collaborators and competitors. The Six Markets Model, especially the customer market, internal market and recruitment market would make a huge impact on the internal candidates and the global customers as they would assist the organisation in analysing and improving its relationship with them. Customer Service Model The customer service model adopted by the organisation determines the strength of the relation the organisation would have with its customers. A customer service model consisting of the following features would be necessary to bridge the gap between the services provided and the services expected by the customer: Research: A thorough research into the target market is a must to understand consumer expectation. Getting into the shoe of the customer: The organisation would not be successful in understanding customer's needs just through a survey. It needs to view the service through the eyes of the customers. Develop appropriate services: The services should be developed to fit the necessity as assessed

In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk Dissertation

In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk has become a critical competency for organisations. From th - Dissertation Example It has also grown from a hot topic, one that was dealt with only by the most prestigious companies to one that has become a necessity to every company irrespective of its size and nature of business. Companies today face a considerable number of risks also because of international factors such as globalization, outsourcing and intense competition. Therefore, it is important for all companies to satisfy their risk needs through a formal risk management system. However, careful analysis and planning must precede the entire operation. This not only helps in smoother implementation, companies can develop plans to tackle some of the inherent limitations and disadvantages of the system before hand. It will also help the company determine the best course of action with regard to the risk management strategy eventually adopted. Once selected, the actual system is guided by a number of standard processes and phases each with its own set of requirements and objectives. The entire process is of a cyclic nature that starts with the identification an analysis phase and ends with the monitoring phase for a company new to the process, whereas in existing systems all the phases are carried out continuously. This is the only way to ensure effectiveness of the system. However, it need not be an overhead and the entire process can be integrated into the schedules of the employees of the company. Senior management involvement also goes a long way in ensuring the effectiveness of the system. Once implemented as per guidelines and having taken appropriate precautions, it is possible not only to achieve a safer degree of operation within the company; other benefits can also be reaped. For instance, risk management systems can offer one of ways of developing a long term competitive advantage which is critical in today's competitive environment. Risk management systems are still evolving and are in a dynamic state. Future work that establishes better guidelines for the implementation w ill assist several companies in understanding and implementing their own systems that is based on a unique structure and satisfied demands. 1. Research Question â€Å"In an increasingly dynamic environment, strategic management of risk has become a critical competency for organisations. From the perspective of an Operations Manager, present a case to the board of directors for adoption of a formal risk management process.† 1.1. Aim The aim of this report is to provide and propose to the senior management a detailed case for adopting a formal risk management process. 1.2. Objectives To achieve the aim of the report following objectives will have to be met: A. Demonstrate the importance of Risk Management Process in an organisation B. To present the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a formal risk management process C. To Analyse and Discuss why the organisation should adopt a formal risk management process D. To Conclude the findings of the report and present recommendat ions to the board 2. Literature Review

The Life and Works of William Faulkner Research Paper

The Life and Works of William Faulkner - Research Paper Example He had great taste for whiskey and by the age of seventeen he was a heavy drinker. He was some sort of a misfit all through his life due to his notorious nature, and the tendency of inventing his life stories. While still young, William became in contact with two particular individuals who he thought would be important in his life: E. Oldham (childhood sweetheart) and P. Stone (literary mentor) (Parini 3). Oldham was a famous, vivacious girl, with a social life full of energy, which enjoyed dancing and parting. Stone on the other side was a lawyer who had great interest in poetry. Both Stone and William had a mutual interest which was poetry and this was their binding factor. Stone realized William’s talent as he read some of his poems thus, started encouraging, motivating and advising him on the models of study (Weinstein 145). Following Oldham’s Marriage, Stone invited William to New Haven to live with him. While here, William was employed by the Winchester Company of Repeating Arms, where he experienced changes to his surname probably due to a typing error; Faulkner (Blotner 10). William though did not work in this company for long, since he was later invited to Canada for a cadet training as a Royal Air Force (RAF). Earlier on William had been disappointed when he tried to join the U.S Air Force, but he was put down by his height. Due to that, he made numerous lies when applying for the Canadian Royal Air Force, as he attempted to seem British. He later served in the RAF for some time, and then decided to return back to Oxford in 1918 (Gray 50). In Oxford, he engaged himself in a story telling life, where he shared exaggerated adventures he had encountered while in RAF (Oates 4). In fact, most of these stories were untrue as he told stories of the things he had done during his time as a military, which he never even did. His

Concealed Carry Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concealed Carry Laws - Essay Example Sub-point 1: Crime rates are lower in states with concealed gun carry laws. Sub-point 2: Crime rates have not worsened in states with concealed gun carry laws. Main Point 2: Banning firearms does not reduce crimes. Sub-point 1: No positive association between gun ownership and violence. Sub-point 2: Studies do not show that gun control laws have reduced crimes. Main Point 3: Cross country history and experience show allowing concealed weapons carry does not make societies less peaceful. Sub-point 1: Among countries, gun control laws are not associated with peace. Sub-point 2: Gun ownership and murder rates are not correlated across countries. Conclusion Based on evidence, there is good basis not to reverse the gains American society has made in allowing the carry of concealed weapons for Americans to protect themselves. The advances in concealed weapons laws have been beneficial and not dangerous for America. Concealed weapon carry laws: Are they beneficial or dangerous for America? Introduction A center known for its being vocal against laws allowing the carry of concealed weapons, the Violence Policy Center, has pointed out that the â€Å"gun lobby’s priority has been establishing and expanding state laws that allow the carrying of concealed handguns by private citizens† (2009, p. 3). According to the center (2009, p. ... The Violence Policy Center has been very concerned and identified three key data on why concealed weapons carry laws are dangerous for America. First, according to the Violence Policy Center (2009, p. 4), â€Å" over the two-year period May 2007 through 2009, concealed handguns permit holders have slain seven law enforcement officers resulting in criminal charges or the suicide of the shooter.† Second, again according to the Violence Policy Center (2009, p. 4), â€Å"concealed handgun permit holders have slain at least 43 private citizens resulting in criminal charges or the suicide of the shooter.† And, third, according to the Violence Policy Center (2009, p. 4), â€Å"in six of the 30 incidents (20 percent), the concealed handgun permit holder killed himself, bringing the total fatality count to 56.† The Violence Policy Center’s concern for violence in America, particularly murders or homicide and suicide is certainly laudable. Indeed, it is the duty of today’s generation to see to it that every citizen is out of harm’s way. Indeed, it is an obligation of today’s generation of Americans to keep society safe and peaceful. Unfortunately, however, the basis for the Violence Policy Center’s concerns against the concealed weapons laws and the attribution the organization places on concealed weapons laws as responsible for the incidences of violence is anecdotal and unscientific. The Violence Policy Center’s arguments are like arguments that because consulting a doctor or being confined in a hospital have been associated with illness or death then society must ban doctors and hospitals because many people have died when they have